What shapes older adults’ multidimensional well-being in Jambi Province, Indonesia? Integrating capability–ecological frameworks
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22437/ppd.v13i3.37510Keywords:
Capability approach, Ecological model of aging, Multidimensional well-being, Older adults, Subjective well-beingAbstract
This study examines the socioeconomic determinants of subjective well-being (SWB) among older adults in Jambi Province, Indonesia, using a multidimensional framework encompassing life satisfaction, emotional well-being, and life meaning. Addressing limitations in prior research that often employ unidimensional measures or neglect contextual factors, this study integrates individual and environmental perspectives. A cross-sectional survey of 207 individuals aged 60 and above was conducted between July and August 2024 using stratified random sampling. Multiple linear regression was employed for analysis. The findings reveal that gender, educational attainment, and household role consistently and positively influence all dimensions of SWB. Economic activity status, income, ethnicity, and residential area also contribute to variation, although their effects are mixed. Chronological age showed no significant association with SWB. Interpreted through the Capability Approach and the Ecological Model of Aging, the results highlight how individual capacities and contextual conditions jointly shape well-being in later life. The study highlights the importance of implementing integrated policy measures, including inclusive pension systems, lifelong learning programs, and age-friendly infrastructure, to improve economic security and social inclusion for older adults.
Downloads
References
Anand, P., Gray, A., Liberini, F., Roope, L., Smith, R., & Thomas, R. (2015). Well-being over 50. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 6, 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeoa.2014.12.001
Atasoge, I. A. Ben. (2021). Determinan indeks kebahagiaan di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan STIE Muhammadiyah Palopo, 7(2), 34. https://doi.org/10.35906/jep.v7i2.877
Auvinen, T., Linnosmaa, I., & Rijken, M. (2024). Do people’s health, financial and social resources contribute to subjective well-being differently at the age of fifty than later in life? Well-being, Space and Society, 7, 100219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wss.2024.100219
Ayoob, S. M. (2020). Senior citizens and their roles in family and household. Journal of Politics and Law, 13(2), 32. https://doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v13n2p32
Basmallah, F. D., Muchtar, M., & Sihombing, P. R. (2024). Pengaruh Dimensi Kepuasan Hidup Terhadap Indeks Kebahagiaan: Perspektif Regional Di Indonesia. Journal of Law, Administration, and Social Science, 4(1), 56–65. https://doi.org/10.54957/jolas.v4i1.697
BPS. (1981). Penduduk Indonesia Menurut Provinsi Hasil Pencacahan Lengkap Sensus Penduduk 1980. Badan Pusat Statistik.
BPS. (2023). Penduduk Indonesa Hasil Long Form Sensus Penduduk 2020. Badan Pusat Statistik.
Brinkhof, L. P., Ridderinkhof, K. R., Murre, J. M. J., Krugers, H. J., & de Wit, S. (2023). Improving goal striving and resilience in older adults through a personalized metacognitive self-help intervention: a protocol paper. BMC Psychology, 11(1), 223. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01259-3
Burn, I., Button, P., Figinski, T. F., & McLaughlin, J. S. (2020). Why Retirement, Social Security, and Age Discrimination Policies Need to Consider the Intersectional Experiences of Older Women. Public Policy & Aging Report, 30(3). https://doi.org/10.1093/ppar/praa017
Cachioni, M., Delfino, L. L., Alonso, V., Yassuda, M. S., Batistoni, S. S. T., Melo, R. C., & Rodrigues, M. A. D. da C. (2021). Predictors of Well-being Among Older Adults Participants of a U3A. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 37. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e37102
Carr, D., & Springer, K. W. (2010). Advances in Families and Health Research in the 21st Century. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 743–761. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00728.x
Chen, C.-Y. (2022). What makes older adults happier? Urban and rural differences in the living arrangements and life satisfaction of older adults. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 37(3), 1131–1157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-021-09882-5
Chia, J. L., & Hartanto, A. (2021). Older Adult Employment Status and Well-Being: A Longitudinal Bidirectional Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(23), 12533. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312533
Choi, E. Y., Zelinski, E. M., & Ailshire, J. (2023). Neighborhood Social Environment and Self-Perceptions of Aging. Innovation in Aging, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad038
Christian, A. K., Sanuade, O. A., Okyere, M. A., & Adjaye-Gbewonyo, K. (2020). Social capital is associated with improved subjective well-being of older adults with chronic non-communicable disease in six low- and middle-income countries. Globalization and Health, 16(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-019-0538-y
Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587
Dede Dwipayana, I. K., & Ayu Padini, P. R. (2025). The Happiness of the Older Individuals in Indonesia and Its Associated Factors. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 28(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.93998
Devkota, R., Cummings, G., Hunter, K. F., Maxwell, C., Shrestha, S., Dennett, L., & Hoben, M. (2023). Factors influencing emotional support of older adults living in the community: a scoping review protocol. Systematic Reviews, 12(1), 186. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-023-02346-7
Di Tella, R., Haisken-De New, J., & MacCulloch, R. (2010). Happiness adaptation to income and to status in an individual panel. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 76(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2010.09.016
Domínguez-Párraga, L. (2019). Neighborhood Influence: A Qualitative Study in Cáceres, an Aspiring Age-Friendly City. Social Sciences, 8(6), 195. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8060195
Dorris, J. L., Rodakowski, J., & Stahl, S. (2024). Social Support Domains Associated with Social Isolation in MCI. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924788.2024.2411776
Eichstaedt, J. C., Yaden, D. B., Ribeiro, F., Adler, A., & Kern, M. L. (2020). Lifestyle and well-being: Exploring behavioral and demographic covariates in a large US sample. International Journal of Well-being, 10(4), 87–112. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v10i4.831
Feng, J., & Zheng, M. (2024). Gender differences in the subjective well-being of the older adults and the determinant factors: a case study of Nanjing. Frontiers in Public Health, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1447777
Foong, H. F., Haron, S. A., Koris, R., Hamid, T. A., & Ibrahim, R. (2021). Relationship between financial well‐being, life satisfaction, and cognitive function among low‐income community‐dwelling older adults: the moderating role of sex. Psychogeriatrics, 21(4), 586–595. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12709
Guindon, S., & Cappeliez, P. (2010). Contributions of Psychological Well-Being and Social Support to an Integrative Model of Subjective Health in Later Adulthood. Ageing International, 35(1), 38–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-009-9050-7
Hörder, H., Gustafsson, S., Rydberg, T., Skoog, I., & Waern, M. (2016). A Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the ICECAP-O: Test–Retest Reliability and Item Relevance in Swedish 70-Year-Olds. Societies, 6(4), 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc6040030
Indah, L., Prasetya, H., & Murti, B. (2024). Relationships between Family Support, Gender, and Education on Quality of Life in Elderly in Jambi: Multi-Level Analysis. Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health, 9(3), 327–334. https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2024.09.03.06
Indriani, A., Taridi, M., Angraini, P., M, I., & Ningsih, R. (2024). Elderly School and Family Resilience: A Case Study of the BKKBN Program in Jambi Province. Jurnal Educative: Journal of Educational Studies, 9(1), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.30983/educative.v9i1.8532
Jones, T. G., Rapport, L. J., Hanks, R. A., Lichtenberg, P. A., & Telmet, K. (2003). Cognitive and Psychosocial Predictors of Subjective Well-Being in Urban Older Adults. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1076/clin.17.1.3.15626
Joshanloo, M., & Blasco-Belled, A. (2023). Reciprocal Associations between Depressive Symptoms, Life Satisfaction, and Eudaimonic Well-Being in Older Adults over a 16-Year Period. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2374. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032374
Kapteyn, A., Smith, J. P., & van Soest, A. H. O. (2009). Life Satisfaction. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1351179
Kim, B.-R., & Hwang, H.-H. (2022). Analysis of Major Factors Affecting the Quality of Life of the Elderly in Korea in Preparation for a Super-Aged Society. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15), 9618. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159618
Kondale Gurara, T., Desie, Y., & Adamek, M. E. (2025). ‘Age should never be a barrier to pursuing our passions’: older adults’ conceptualization of subjective well-being in Ethiopia. Aging & Mental Health, 29(8), 1505–1514. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2025.2464711
Kusumaningrum, F. M., Dewi, F. S. T., Pangastuti, H. S., & Yeung, P. (2025). Successful Aging in Indonesia: The Journey Toward Expectations and Serenity. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924788.2025.2483589
Lai, E. T. C., Yu, R., & Woo, J. (2020). The associations of income, education and income inequality and subjective well-being among elderly in Hong Kong—A multilevel analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041271
Lawton, M. P., & Nahemow, L. (1973). Ecology and the aging process. In The psychology of adult development and aging. (pp. 619–674). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10044-020
Lee, C.-C., Huang, R.-Y., Wu, Y.-L., Yeh, W.-C., & Chang, H.-C. (2023). The Impact of Living Arrangements and Social Capital on the Well-Being of the Elderly. Healthcare, 11(14), 2050. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11142050
Li, H., Li, M., Peng, P., Long, Y., Ao, Y., & Bahmani, H. (2024). Exploring non-linear effects of walking accessibility on well-being in rural older adults of Jintang County: a random forest analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1333510
Li, W., Zhang, X., Gao, H., & Tang, Q. (2024). Heterogeneous effects of socioeconomic status on social engagement level among Chinese older adults: evidence from CHARLS 2020. Frontiers in Public Health, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1479359
Liu, H., Gan, Q., Tan, J., Sun, X., Liu, Y., & Wan, C. (2023). The association between quality of life and subjective well-being among older adults based on canonical correlation analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1235276
Livingston, V., Jackson-Nevels, B., & Reddy, V. V. (2022). Social, Cultural, and Economic Determinants of Well-Being. Encyclopedia, 2(3), 1183–1199. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2030079
Lu, S., Guo, Y., Chui, C., Liu, Y., Chan, O. F., Chan, S. W., & Lum, T. Y. S. (2022). Neighborhood Environment and Mental Well-Being Among Chinese Older Adults: The Mediating Role of Social Capital. Innovation in Aging, 6(7). https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac070
Mahdy, I. F. (2023). Pemodelan keluhan kesehatan dan indeks kebahagiaan di Indonesia tahun 2021 menggunakan pendekatan local polynomial. STATMAT : Jurnal Statistika dan Matematika, 5(1), 37–44. https://doi.org/10.32493/sm.v5i1.27380
Mäki-Opas, T., Pieper, R., & Vaarama, M. (2022). Exploring the capability approach to quality of life in disadvantaged population groups. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 15248. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18877-3
Manchana, V. (2023). Interpersonal relationships, subjective health, psychological well-being, and quality of life among older adults in south India: Evidence from a population-based study. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_735_22
Mishra, B., Pradhan, J., & Dhaka, S. (2023). Identifying the impact of social isolation and loneliness on psychological well-being among the elderly in old-age homes of India: the mediating role of gender, marital status, and education. BMC Geriatrics, 23(1), 684. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04384-1
Mostafa, N. A., Harfoush, M. S., Atta, M. H. R., Fouad, R. A., & El garhy, S. M. (2025). The impact of a student-led intergenerational support program on life satisfaction, loneliness, and psychological well-being of institutionalized older adults. Geriatric Nursing, 62, 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2025.01.018
Muhammad, T., Kumar, P., & Srivastava, S. (2022). How socioeconomic status, social capital and functional independence are associated with subjective well-being among older Indian adults? A structural equation modeling analysis. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1836. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14215-4
Ní Mhaoláin, A. M., Gallagher, D., O Connell, H., Chin, A. V., Bruce, I., Hamilton, F., Teehee, E., Coen, R., Coakley, D., Cunningham, C., Walsh, J. B., & Lawlor, B. A. (2012). Subjective well-being amongst community-dwelling elders: what determines satisfaction with life? Findings from the Dublin Healthy Aging Study. International Psychogeriatrics, 24(2), 316–323. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610211001360
Nussbaum, M. C. (2000). Women and Human Development. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511841286
OECD. (2020). How’s Life? 2020: Measuring well-being. In OECD Publishing.
Purwanti, Y. (2022). Pengaruh faktor pendidikan dan ekonomi pada indeks kebahagiaan di Indonesia. Transformatif, 11(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.58300/transformatif.v11i1.303
Raggi, A., Corso, B., Minicuci, N., Quintas, R., Sattin, D., De Torres, L., Chatterji, S., Frisoni, G. B., Haro, J. M., Koskinen, S., Martinuzzi, A., Miret, M., Tobiasz-Adamczyk, B., & Leonardi, M. (2016). Determinants of Quality of Life in Ageing Populations: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study in Finland, Poland and Spain. PLOS ONE, 11(7), e0159293. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159293
Rahman, Kamrin, & Ruwiah. (2024). Utilization of health service facilities for all communities in Indonesia. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 24(2), 827–834. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.24.2.3392
Ralston, M. (2018). The Role of Older Persons’ Environment in Aging Well: Quality of Life, Illness, and Community Context in South Africa. The Gerontologist, 58(1), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx091
Riani, E., Wijayanto, A. W., & Rivai, A. (2024). An analysis of employment participation and its determinants among older adults in Jambi Province, Indonesia. Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan Dan Pembangunan Daerah, 12(4), 371–382. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22437/ppd.v12i4.35786
Rustiadi, E., Pravitasari, A. E., Priatama, R. A., Singer, J., Junaidi, J., Zulgani, Z., & Sholihah, R. I. (2023). Regional Development, Rural Transformation, and Land Use/Cover Changes in a Fast-Growing Oil Palm Region: The Case of Jambi Province, Indonesia. Land, 12(5), 1059. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12051059
Sen, A. (1999). Development as Freedom. Oxford University Press.
Setiadi, S., & Hidayah, S. (2021). Subjective Well-Being Amongst Older Women from Migrant and Non-Migrant Households in Rural Java, Indonesia. Journal of Population and Social Studies, 29, 459–478. https://doi.org/10.25133/JPSSv292021.029
Simon, J., Anand, P., Gray, A., Rugkåsa, J., Yeeles, K., & Burns, T. (2013). Operationalising the capability approach for outcome measurement in mental health research. Social Science & Medicine, 98, 187–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.019
Stephens, C., & Allen, J. (2022). Older People as Active Agents in Their Neighborhood Environments: Moving House Can Improve Quality of Life. The Gerontologist, 62(1), 56–65. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnab065
Steverink, N., Westerhof, G. J., Bode, C., & Dittmann-Kohli, F. (2001). The Personal Experience of Aging, Individual Resources, and Subjective Well-Being. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 56(6), P364–P373. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/56.6.P364
Sujarwoto, S. (2021). Development as happiness: A multidimensional analysis of subjective well-being in Indonesia. Economics & Sociology, 14(2), 274–293. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2021/14-2/15
Suwannasarn, K., Othaganont, P., & Chen, C.-M. (2023). The Predictive Factors of Subjective Well-Being in Older Adults Living Alone: A Mixed-Methods Approach. International Journal of Gerontology, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.6890/IJGE.202301_17(1).0009
Tian, Q. (2016). Intergeneration social support affects the subjective well-being of the elderly: Mediator roles of self-esteem and loneliness. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(6). https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314547245
Trecartin, S. M., & Cummings, S. M. (2018). Systematic review of the physical home environment and the relationship to psychological well-being among community-dwelling older adults. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 61(5), 567–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2018.1463339
Tshaka, A., Tanga, P., & Ntshongwana, Z. (2023). Socioeconomic Challenges Experienced by Widows and Support Provided by Social Workers in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality in Eastern Cape, South Africa. Southern African Journal of Social Work and Social Development. https://doi.org/10.25159/2708-9355/11179
Van Minh, H., Ng, N., Byass, P., & Wall, S. (2012). Patterns of subjective quality of life among older adults in rural Vietnam and Indonesia. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 12(3), 397–404. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2011.00777.x
von Humboldt, S., Leal, I., & Pimenta, F. (2015). Sense of Coherence, Sociodemographic, Lifestyle, and Health-related Factors in Older Adults’ Subjective Well-being. International Journal of Gerontology, 9(1), 15–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijge.2014.01.007
Widagdo, T. M. M., Pudjohartono, M. F., Meilina, M., Mete, A. R., Primagupita, A., & Sudarsana, K. D. A. P. (2022). Comparing well-being among rural and urban Indonesian older people: a quantitative analysis of the related factors. International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS), 11(4), 1553. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v11i4.21752
Widyasari, F., Dahlan, T. H., & Baihaqi, M. (2024). Asosiasi faktor sosiodemografis, penerimaan orang tua, dan welas diri dengan kesejahteraan subjektif emerging adults. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga Dan Konsumen, 17(1), 77–89. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2024.17.1.77
Williams, L., Zhang, R., & Packard, K. C. (2017). Factors affecting the physical and mental health of older adults in China: The importance of marital status, child proximity, and gender. SSM - Population Health, 3, 20–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.11.005
Xie, X., Huang, C., Sitar, S., & Qiao, X. (2023). Community engagement and loneliness in older adults in China: mediation effects of social support in the wake of COVID-19. Frontiers in Public Health, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1199577
Yeung, P., & Breheny, M. (2016). Using the capability approach to understand the determinants of subjective well-being among community-dwelling older people in New Zealand. Age and Ageing, 45(2), 292–298. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw002
Yeverino-Castro, S. G., Garza-Guerra, J. D., Aguilar-Díaz, G. E., González-Galván, C. R., Salinas-Martínez, R., & Morales-Delgado, R. (2023). Cognition in older adults with healthy aging: analysis of the Mexican Health and Aging Study 2012–2015. Frontiers in Medicine, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1207063
Yu, J., Jin, Y., Si, H., Bian, Y., Liu, Q., Qiao, X., Ji, L., Wang, W., & Wang, C. (2023). How does social support interact with intrinsic capacity to affect the trajectory of functional ability among older adults? Findings of a population-based longitudinal study. Maturitas, 171, 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2023.03.005
Zapata-Lamana, R., Poblete-Valderrama, F., Ledezma-Dames, A., Pavón-León, P., Leiva, A. M., Fuentes-Alvarez, M. T., Cigarroa, I., & Parra-Rizo, M. A. (2022). Health, Functional Ability, and Environmental Quality as Predictors of Life Satisfaction in Physically Active Older Adults. Social Sciences, 11(6), 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11060265
Zhang, F., & Li, D. (2020). Conceptual Model among Neighborhood Environment, Personal Competence, and Quality of Life of Older Adults Aging in Place: Based on the Ecological Theory of Aging. Construction Research Congress 2020: Project Management and Controls, Materials, and Contracts, 982–991.
Zhang, J., Zhang, J., Zhou, M., & Yu, N. X. (2018). Neighborhood Characteristics and Older Adults’ Well-Being: The Roles of Sense of Community and Personal Resilience. Social Indicators Research, 137(3), 949–963. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1626-0
Zulgani, Z., Junaidi, J., Hastuti, D., Rustiadi, E., Pravitasari, A. E., & Asfahani, F. R. (2023). Understanding the Emergence of Rural Agrotourism: A Study of Influential Factors in Jambi Province, Indonesia. Economies, 11(7), 180. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies11070180
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Hardiani Hardiani, Junaidi Junaidi, Putri Intan Suri
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
