Article

Synthesis of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Mangrove Nipah (Nypa fruticans) as

Vitamin C Coating for Drug Delivery System

Delviani¹, Viola Giary Rizkillah Maharani², Putri Nur Shadrina³, Noha Ali⁴, Indra Lasmana

Tarigan^5*

^1,2,3,5Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Jambi, Indonesia

⁴College of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Abu Dhabi, UAE

Abstract

Vitamin C is one of the substances needed by the human body. It acts as an antioxidant that effectively

overcomes the effects of free radicals that damage cells in the body. However, vitamin C easily oxidizes,

so innovation is needed to coat (encapsulate) vitamin C in the form of capsules as a drug delivery system.

This research aims to synthesize carboxymethyl cellulose from the skin of Nipah Mangrove (Nypa

fruticans) and use it to encapsulate vitamin C. The microencapsulation method was carried out by mixing

3 g of carrageenan-CMC mixture with variations in the ratio of 1:0, 1:0.5, and 1:1 (%b/b). The encapsulated

small beads were extruded in 200 mL of 2M KCl-CaCl solution. The microencapsulant was drained and

continued with the crosslinking stage using Glutaraldehyde (GA) 1%. In this in vitro oral simulation study,

the encapsulation ratio that produced the best treatment with the highest percentage of drug solubility

in the intestine was the ratio (1:0.5), followed by (1:1) and the smallest (1:0) with percentage values of

15.42; 14.06; and 1.67 percent, respectively. Our findings in the study successfully synthesized CMC,

Encapsulated Vitamin C, and simulated its release.

Keywords: Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC), Drug Loading, Encapsulation, Vitamin C

Graphical Abstract

*

Corresponding author

Email addresses: indratarigan@unja.ac.id

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22437/chp.v8i1.31722

Received June 12^nd2024; Accepted June 27^th2024; Available online June 30^th2024

(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 )

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Chempublish Journal, 8(1) 2024, 19-28

Introduction

nipah plants disturb other plants. However,

Nipah (Nypa fruticans) in some areas has been

widely used for various purposes, such as for

roofing, sources of medicinal materials, fuel and

Vitamin C is a bioactive substance, (5R)-[(1S)-1,2-

Dihydroxyethyl]-3-4-dihydroxyfuran-2(5H)

foodstuffs^[5].

Nipah

has

cellulose

and

formula needed by the human body that acts as

an antioxidant that effectively overcomes the

effects of free radicals that can damage cells in

the body ^[1]. Vitamin C is very important in the

body as an antioxidant because it can protect

hemicellulose content that range from 28.9-

45.6% and 21.8-26.4 wt%^[6]. The large amount of

cellulose content in Nipah fruit makes Nipah fruit

potential to be processed into derivative

compounds in the form of carboxymethyl

cellulose^[7].

cells from causing cancer ^1,2]. Vitamin C is an

[

antioxidant that contains ascorbic acid, which is

easily oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid, which

can inhibit oxidation reactions. Vitamin C is easily

damaged due to the oxidation process with

oxygen (O2) in the environment, so it is necessary

to do an alternative coating (encapsulation) of

vitamin C in the form of capsules as a drug

delivery system^[3].

CMC is a polymer compound modified from

cellulose as the main raw material through a

carboxymethylation reaction to the -OH group^[8]

and is able to increase sensitivity to pH, amylase

and protease, so in the biomedical field CMC is

used as a drug coating^[9]. Some factors that affect

the quality of CMC include the type of media and

alkali concentration. The quality of CMC

produced is expressed by several parameters,

namely, DS value (Degree of Substitution),

viscosity, pH, morphology, functional groups, and

purity of CMC^[10]. The application of CMC has

Encapsulation is the process of coating a core

substance with a coating material in the form of

a

capsule.

The

main

purpose

of

microencapsulation is to protect biologically

active compounds, such as natural colorants

(e.g., anthocyanins), vitamins, and polyphenols,

from degradation. In addition, this process

enables the controlled release of core substances

been developed a hydrogel wound dressing^[11]

.

The addition of CMC in the wound dressing

hydrogel using the citric acid crosslinker method

of making hydrogel has been successful with the

chemical crosslinking method, which shows that

adding CMC can reduce the hydrogel gel fraction.

In addition, CMC is also used in using hydrogel

films in the health sector, which previous studies

have done ^[10]. With the addition of CMC, the level

of cross linking will increase and the swelling

ratio will decrease

by

delaying

their

absorption

in

the

gastrointestinal tract and preventing their

degradation in the initial digestion process. The

use of this encapsulation process allows lowering

production costs, eliminating the use of organic

solvents, and avoiding high temperatures.

Therefore, extrusion methods can be safely used

to encapsulate bioactive compounds without

thermal degradation^[4]. One polymer that can be

used for the encapsulation process is cellulose.

Materials and Methods

Chemical and Equipments

Cellulose is a glucose polymer in the form of a

linear chain and is connected by β-1,4 glycosidic

bonds. The linear structure causes cellulose to be

crystalline and insoluble and not easily degraded

chemically or mechanically. Cellulose can be

obtained from one of the mangroves in the form

of nipah fruit (Nypa fruticans). Nipah is a plant

from the palm tribe (Arecaceae) that grows in

mangrove forests^[5]. Based on surveys and

interviews with residents of coastal Jambi,

communities in the East Tanjung Jabung area, it

is known that people have not optimally utilized

nipah plants. In fact, most people consider that

The materials used are nipah fruit, (NH₄)₂SO₄

(Merck), NaOH for analysis (Merck), CH₃COOH

(Merck), distilled water, KCl (Merck), CaCl₂

(Merck), Aluminium Foil, Methyl Chloride (Merck),

ethanol 96% absolute (Merck), KCl 2M (Merck),

CaCl₂2M (Merck, Singapore), Glutaraldehid

(Merck),

Methanol

(Merck),

2,2-diphenyl-1-

picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (Merck). The tools used

were oven, grinder, analytical balance Kern, hot

plate Thermo Scientific, whatmann filter paper,

25 mL and 100 mL measuring cups, 250 mL

erlenmeyer, stirrer, buchner funnel, vacuum

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Chempublish Journal, 8(1) 2024, 19-28

pump, drop pipette, soxhlet merk behr Labor-

Technik, dry sieving shaker 5E-SSB200, FT-IR

spectra were recorded with Bruker Instruments

and UV-Vis instruments on a Shimadzu 1700

Model

and alkalized by adding 40 mL of 30% NaOH

solution little by little while stirring at 400 rpm for

2 hours. Carboxymethylation was continued by

adding 5 g of CCl₃CO₂Na, heated at 55°C for 5

hours while stirring. CMC was separated and

washed with distilled water and neutralized with

glacial CH₃COOH until pH 7. Immersion in 100 mL

ethanol for 24 hours was carried out. The CMC

Hydrolysis and Saccharification

obtained was dried in an oven at 60°C^[14]

.

Nipah fruit was collected in East Tanjung Jabung

district, Jambi. The skin fiber and nipah fruit flesh

were separated. The skin fibers were cut into

small pieces, dried for 2 days and oven at 80°C

for 4 hours. Crushed and pulverized with a

grinding machine and sieved on a shieve shaker

Characterization of Carboxymethyl Nipah

Cellulose (CMC Nipah)

Characterization was carried out using an FTIR

instrument to see the constituent functional

groups of CMNC. FTIR analysis was carried out by

making CMC pellets and mixing them with KBr.

The fiber was crushed together with KBr until

homogeneous and became a fine powder.

Furthermore, a number of powders were taken

and put into a pellet making tool. The pellets that

have been formed are inserted into the FTIR.

After all spectra were formed, the spectra were

analyzed and matched with data from the

literature (Sibarani, 2018).

with a size of 100 mesh^[12]

.

Cellulose Extraction from Nipah Fruit

There are several stages in extracting cellulose

from Nipah Fruit: (1) Dewaxing process, 30 g

samples were extracted with 360 mL ethanol-

toluene (1:2) at 85°C for 6 hours using the soxhlet

method ¹³. The residue was dried in an oven at

80°C for 4 hours. The sample was weighed and

the yield calculated. (2) Delignification process,

the residue was dissolved in 10% NaOH in a ratio

of 1:10 between extractive compound-free nipah

powder and 10% NaOH. Heated at 85°C for 2

hours, allowed to stand for 24 hours and filtered.

The residue was washed with distilled water until

the pH was neutral. The cellulose solids were

filtered and washed using distilled water and

ethanol, then filtered again. Cellulose solids were

dried at 80°C for 8 hours. (3) Bleaching process,

nipah fruit peel powder free of lignin and

hemicellulose was dissolved in 12% NaOCl as

much as 250 mL with distilled water added to 500

mL, heated at 60°C for 3 hr while stirring using a

hot plate. Separated again and washed with

boiling distilled water until the hypochlorite odor

disappeared. Cellulose was dried using an oven

Analysis of Degree Substitution (Ds)

The degree of substitution analysis was

calculated with the FT-IR results with the

equation 2.

Abs OH

Ds =

...................................................... (2)

Abs C=O

Microencapsulation

Microencapsulation was formed by dissolving

0.1% Tween-80 emulsion in 5 mL of Vitamin C

solution. Then stirred with stirring for 3 minutes.

Furthermore, the microencapsulation process

was carried out by mixing 3 g of carrageenan-

CMC mixture with variations in the ratio of 1:0;

1:0.5 and 1:1 (%b/b). The mixture was then

heated at 85°C and stirred until the solution was

homogeneous. Then, 2 mL of pre-made emulsion

solution was added. Encapsulated small bead

granules were made in 200 mL KCl-CaCl 2M

solution by extrusion technique.

at 60°C until a constant weight was obtained^[14]

.

W1

% Yield =

x 100% .............................................(1)

W0

W₀= Sample weight of nipah husk fiber powder

W₁= Dry weight of nipah husk fiber extract

Synthesis of Carboxymethyl Nipah Cellulose

The microencapsulant was then drained and

continued with the crosslinking stage using

Glutaraldehyde (GA) 1%. The microencapsulant

Synthesis of CMC, 5 g of nipah skin and meat

cellulose was added to 100 mL of distilled water

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Chempublish Journal, 8(1) 2024, 19-28

m Vit.C (mg)

was

drained

and

.

subjected

to

FTIR

%LC =

x 100% .......... (4)

m particel (mg)

characterization^[15,16]

The mass of Vitamin C contained was determined

through UV-Vis spectrophotometer quantitative

assay. Vitamin C encapsulant (25 g) was dissolved

in 100 mL of 0.1 N HCl. After 30 minutes the

solution was centrifuged and the absorbance was

calculated at a wavelength of 250 nm. The mass

of vitamin C was determined from the standard

curve.

Microencapsulated Vitamin C was prepared in a

1:1 ratio to CMNC. CMNC was dissolved in 15 mL

acetone solvent then Vitamin C was dispersed

into the CMNC solution (Solution A). 30 mL of

liquid paraffin and 1 mL of Tween-80 (Solution B)

were prepared. The mixture of solution A was

added drop by drop and emulsified into solution

B until it formed an emulsion. The emulsion was

stirred with a stirrer at 750 rpm for 30 minutes at

room temperature until all the acetone

evaporated. Then the microcapsules were

separated by centrifugation to separate the

filtrate and the residue. The residue obtained

was then dried with a frezee-dryer.

In-Vitro Drug Release (DR)

Vitamin C encapsulants were immersed in 15 mL

of buffer solution with pH 1.2 (2 hours) then

transferred to pH 6.8 (2 hours), then transferred

to pH 7.4 (4 hours)^[19]. The amount of Vitamin C

loaded in this experiment was 0.1g. Then the

amount of drug released was measured by UV-

Vis in absorbance λ = 250 nm using the formula

5.

Percentage of Encapsulated Product Yield

The percentage yield of the encapsulated product

% DR = ^{The amount of medicine released}x 100 ..............(5)

indicates

how

much

microencapsulant

is

0,1 g (100 ppm)

produced from the microencapsulation process,

as previously done. Calculate the total weight of

the microencapsulated product including the

microencapsulated materials (coating materials

and emulsifying agents) and the weight of the

overall microencapsulated product using the

equation 3.

Antioxidant Activity

Antioxidant test, for vitamin C and CMNC

encapsulated vitamin C test solution was made

by taking 1 mL of each concentration (2.5 ppm, 5

ppm, 7.5 ppm and 10 ppm) and adding 1 mL of

100 mg/L concentration DPPH solution and 2 mL

of methanol which was then put into a test tube

and incubated for 30 minutes at 370C.

Furthermore, the absorbance was measured at a

%R = (^W_W⁰_t) x 100% ……………………………........... (3)

%R = percentage of product results ; W₀= Weight of

microencapsulated;

W_t

=

total

weight

of

microencapsulated material

wavelength of 517 nm^[20]

.

Determination of Standard Solution and

Standard Curve

Result and Discussion

The stages of cellulose isolation process from

Nipah fruit consists of 3 stages. The first is

Vitamin

C

solution

was

made

with

a

concentration of 100 ppm and re-diluted into

standard solution concentrations of 0,4,8,12,16

and 20 ppm. Subsequently analyzed using UV-Vis

at a wavelength of 250 nm to make a standard

dewaxing,

which

removes

colouring

wax

substances and impurities in Nipah fruit using

polar and nonpolar solvents. The second is

delignification, which reduces the lignin content

in the fruit. This stage uses an alkaline solvent

(NaOH) to dissolve the lignin content in the Nipah

fruit so as to facilitate the separation process

between lignin and fibre. Third, bleaching, the

stage of bleaching to remove lignin and other

non-cellulosic compounds with the addition of

NaOCl₂, aims to degrade and remove substances

curve of Vitamin C concentration^[18]

.

Loading Capacity

The loading capacity (LC) of the encapsulation is

expressed as the mass of Vitamin C entrapped

per mass of particles. The loading capacity is

calculated by the equation 4.

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Chempublish Journal, 8(1) 2024, 19-28

that cause brownish colour, which is thought to

be lignin.

out using FTIR instrument which aims to identify

the functional groups of each successfully

synthesized compound. The following is the FTIR

graph of the results of this study.

Characterization of cellulose from nipah peel and

fruit was carried out using FTIR instrument which

aims to identify the functional groups of each

Degree of Subtitution

successfully

synthesized

compound.

The

The degree of substitution is the average number

of groups per anhydroglucose unit that are

substituted (replaced) by other groups. Each

anhydroglucose in cellulose has three hydroxyl

groups on each anhydroglucose that can be

substituted. Where in the CMC synthesis process,

the hydroxyl group (-OH) on cellulose is

following is the FTIR graph of the results of this

study.

substituted

with

a

carboxymethyl

group

(carboxyl group, C=O) from the reaction with

sodium chloroacetate. The degree of substitution

can be calculated based on the absorbance data

of CMC samples by comparing the absorbance of

hydroxyl groups (-OH) and the absorbance of

carbonyl groups (C=O).

Table 1. Degree Substitution of CMC

Figure 1. IR Spectrum of Cellulose Skin (SK),

Cellulose Fruit (SB), CMC B (CMC Fruit), and CMC

K (CMC Skin).

No

1

Type

CMC B

CMC K

Abs OH

Abs

C=O

Ds

0.062823 0.14638 0,429

Carboxymethyl Nipah Cellulose

2

0,169178 0.1756 0,963

The synthesis of Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC)

consists of 2 stages, namely alkalization and

carboxymethylation, In the alkalization process,

the thing that is done is to mix nipah cellulose

powder with 30% Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

solution which aims to activate the OH group on

cellulose. This alkalization process will affect the

CMC quality requirements are regulated by the

Indonesian National Standard (SNI), where the

degree of substitution of CMC quality I (Grade I)

ranges from 0.7-1.2, and CMC quality II (Grade II)

ranges from 0.4-0.1. In this study, the degree of

substitution of CMC K is 0.963, classified as CMC

quality I. Meanwhile, the degree of substitution of

CMC B is 0.429, classified as CMC quality II.

namely

Carboxymethylation.

Carboxymethylation is carried out with the

addition of sodium trichloroacetate (CCl₃CO₂Na)

which aims to glue the carboxylate group, the

addition of sodium trichloroacetate plays an

Encapsulation

important

role

in

the

quality

of

the

In encapsulation with the extrusion method,

carrageenan and CMC are used as coatings.

Carrageenan is also one type of polysaccharide

as well as CMC. Carrageenan has the properties

of developer / chewy, stabilizing agent, gel-based

emulsifier, suspension and agent that can

increase the viscosity of formulations in the

pharmaceutical field including emulsions, tablets

and capsules ^[21]. The mixture of CMC and

carboxymethyl that will be produced. This is

because the higher the substitution reaction, the

better the CMC that will be produced. The CMC

formed is then washed using distilled water and

then neutralized with glacial (CH₃COOH). The

resulting CMC was then dried to obtain CMC in

the form of white powder.

Characterization

synthesized from peel and nipah fruit was carried

of

cellulose

and

CMC

karegenan

will

provide

better

viscosity.

23

Chempublish Journal, 8(1) 2024, 19-28

Therefore, an appropriate ratio or formulation

combination of the two is required (Figure 2).

3300-3400 which indicates the presence of -OH

groups. Where it can be assumed that the

presence of -OH groups detected in the spectrum

comes from the -OH groups in kareganan and

CMC. Based on the report previous studies the -

OH group in the CMC coating is characterized by

a band at a wavelength of 3427 nm.

The synergism between these two polymer

combinations provides a synergy effect that plays

an important role in the development of drug

formulation technology compared to single

polymers. In addition, the microstructure of the

gel produced by the polymer combination will be

different than that of a single polymer. The more

energetic the mechanical properties of the

polymer combination, the more stable and long-

lasting the drug release from the polymer matrix

and the lower the decomposition as a drug

encapsulation matrix^[22]

.

The synergism of a polymer combination can be

enhanced by adding a cross-linking agent. The

agent used as cross-linker is glutaraldehyde.

Biodegradable polymers need to be cross-linked

to modify their characteristics and make the

polymer matrix durable to deliver drugs over a

desired period of time. The use of cross-linkers

can alter the mechanical strength, swelling

properties and degradation rate ^[23]. Masking and

cross-linking will change the diffusion speed of

the encapsulated drug molecules to ultimately

control the release of the drug.

Figure 4. FTIR Characterization: Transmittance vs

Wavelength Graphs of Vit. C, E1:0, E1:0.5 and

E1:1.

Another absorption peak is at a wavelength of

1630-1635 nm which indicates the presence of a

C=O group that has shifted the absorption peak.

The absorption peak of the C=O group in the

spectrum of pure Vitamin C is at a wavelength of

1752 nm^[24]. The C=O group in vitamin C is

indicated by an absorption peak at a wavelength

of 1762 nm. So that in the encapsulant spectrum,

it is suspected that there is a spectrum shift due

to the encapsulation process with caregenan-

Microencapsulation

using

carrageenan-CMC

dressing material with variations of 1:0, 1:0.5 and

1;1 (%b/b) can be seen in the figure below,

Microencapsulant concentration variation ratio

of 1:0 produces bead granules with a denser

texture with a more intense color (cloudy). While

the 1:1 ratio has a softer texture (prone to

CMC polymer material^[25]

.

Percentage of Encapsulated Product Yield

The percentage yield calculation is used to

determine the effectiveness and efficiency in

encapsulation. The percentage of encapsulated

product yield can be calculated by calculating the

total weight of the encapsulated product

obtained with the total weight of the material

used for encapsulation. Data on the percentage

yield of encapsulated products from various

comparisons can be seen in Table 2.

breaking)

with

a

brighter

color

(clear).

Microencapsulants that have been made are

analyzed by FTIR to see their functional groups.

Figure 2. Microencapsulation of Polymer

Combination (Carrageenan-CMC) with various

concentration ratios or comparisons (%b/b). (a)

1:0. (b) 1:0,5. (c) 1:1.

Table 2. Data on Percentage of Encapsulation

Product Yield

Parameters

(1:0)

(1: 0.5)

(1:1)

Encapsulation

The FTIR spectrum (Figure 4), it can be seen that

there is an absorption peak at a wavelength of

product

(%R)

yield

39.46%

43.79%

30.81%

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Chempublish Journal, 8(1) 2024, 19-28

Based on Table 2, it can be seen that the

percentage of encapsulated products is the

highest in 1:0.5 encapsulation. This is because

the CMC and carrageenan layers in this

formulation have good physical structure and

high Vitamin C absorption data.

through UV-Vis spectrophotometer quantitative

test. The results of the data analysis of the

percentage loading capacity of Vitamin C are

presented in Table 3. Based on the data Table 3,

it is known that the largest Vitamin C mass

loading is in the 1:0.5 encapsulant formula and

the smallest is in the 1:0 encapsulant formula.

y = 0.0512x + 0.0111

R² = 0.9948

1,2

1

Table 3. Vitamin C Loading Capacity

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

0

No

Encapsulation

Variation

E (1:0)

E (1:0,5)

E (1:1)

Abs

L_Cap(%)

1

2

3

0.363

1.166

1.158

27.48

90.2

89.6

0

10

20

30

Concentration (ppm)

In Vitro Drug Release

The stability of the capsules in simulated

gastrointestinal fluids. Controlled release of

bioactive compounds is important so that the

application of encapsulated microcapsules in

food products may be viable owing to the

Figure 1. Standard Curve of Vitamin C

Percentage of Loading Capacity (%L_Cap

)

%L_Capshows the ratio between the mass of

Vitamin C in the encapsulated product and the

mass of the product. CMC's performance in

encapsulating Vitamin C provides a positive

treatment in the Vitamin C loading process. The

combination of carrageenan and CMC polymers

creates more hydrogen bonds, allowing for the

avoidance

of

compound

losses

during

processing. The amount of drug released was

measured by UV-Vis at absorbance λ = 250 nm.

In-vitro studies of drugs using buffers of pH 1.2,

pH 6.8, and pH 7.5 provide important information

about the stability, solubility, and activity of drugs

under different conditions. Buffers with pH 1.2

are often used to simulate stomach acid

conditions. Buffers with pH 6.8 are used to

simulate physiological conditions in the human

body. This pH environment is mostly as drug

solubility and stability in the intestine due to the

pH of the intestine usually ranging from 6 to 7.

Buffers with a pH of 7.5 are used to simulate the

environmental conditions of red blood cells ^[19]. In

this oral simulation in vitro study, it was found

that the encapsulation ratio (1:0.5) was the ratio

that produced the best treatment. It can be seen

from the data obtained that E (1:0.5) gives the

highest percentage of drug solubility in the

loading of more Vitamin

Carrageenan-CMC encapsulated

C

compounds.

bead can

absorb more Vitamin C because the CMC

structure has hydrophilic groups so that it can

absorb water and swell. However, the higher

concentration of CMC will form encapsulant

beads that are softer and easily broken. This is

due to the amount of water absorbed in CMC.

Conversely, this also applies to encapsulants that

have a greater concentration of carrageenan. The

higher concentration of carrageenan will form

denser and less breakable encapsulant beads.

The analysis of the percentage loading capacity

of Vitamin C in the encapsulant formed was done

intestine among other comparisons ^[26]

.

Table 4. In Vitro Drug Release

No

Encapsulation

Variation

Absorbance

Vitamin C released (ppm)

Release of Vitamin C (%)

pH 1.2

pH 6.8

pH 7.4

pH 1.2

pH 6.8

pH 7.4

pH 1.2

pH 6.8

pH 7.4

1

2

3

E (1:0)

E (1:0,5)

E (1:1)

0.643

1.161

0.226

1.035

1.019

0.416

0.097

0.801

0.731

12.341

22.458

4.197

19.998

19.685

7.908

1.677

15.427

14.060

12.34

22.45

4.19

19.99

19.65

7.90

1.67

15.42

14.06

25

Chempublish Journal, 8(1) 2024, 19-28

Antioxidant Test

vitamin C has very strong antioxidant activity.

Antioxidant testing was carried out using the

DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazil) method

which will react with antioxidant compounds.

Measurement of antioxidant levels with DPPH

using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wave

number of 517 nm which is the wave number of

the DPPH compound. Antioxidants have an

important role in the body to protect the body

from the effects of free radicals that can cause

various diseases. Antioxidants are compounds

that inhibit oxidation reactions by binding free

Conclusion

Our findings in the study successfully synthesized

CMC and Encapsulated Vitamin C. In the oral

simulation in vitro study, the encapsulation ratio

that produced the best treatment with the

highest percentage of drug solubility in the

intestine was the ratio (1:0.5) followed by (1:1)

and the smallest (1:0) with percentage values of

15.42; 14.06; and 1.67 percent, respectively.

radicals

by

.

donating

electrons

(electron

Acknowledgement

donors)^[27]

We would like to thank Jambi University for the

2022 Student Research Grant (PKM).

Table 5. Encapsulation IC₅₀value

Concentration

%

IC₅₀

Inhibition (ppm)

-415.94

Abs

(ppm)

20

0.516

0.553

Author Contribution

40

-406.85

Conceptualization, I.L.T. and D.D.; Methodology,

D.D, V.G.R.M; Software, I.L.T.; Validation, I.L.T,

D.D, P.N.S; Formal Analysis, X.X.; Investigation,

X.X.; Resources, X.X.; Data Curation, N.A; Writing

– Original Draft Preparation, D.D., V.G.R.M, P.N.S,

I.L.T.; Writing – Review & Editing, P.N.S, I.L.T.;

Visualization, I.L.T

60

80

0.562

0.582

0.595

0.0019

0.0016

0.0014

0.0012

0.0011

-392.16

-386.57

-360.69

2.2409

2.2365

2.2278

2.21910

2.20599

238.9

7.9

100

0.1

2.5

7

7.5

10

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest

Inhibition Concentration (IC) is a parameter in the

measurement of antioxidants. The IC₅₀value is

the concentration of sample solution required to

reduce DPPH by 50%. The smaller the IC₅₀value,

the stronger the antioxidant activity. IC₅₀is the

concentration required in the sample to inhibit

50% of DPPH free radicals. The regression value

was obtained as y = 13.077x -431.68. The value of

x is the value of the concentration required to

reduce 50% of DPPH radical activity. The IC₅₀

value of encapsulated vitamin C >200 ppm is

precisely 238.995 ppm which indicates that

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