Review

Secondary Metabolites of The Fabaceae Plant Family: A Review of Extraction

Methods, Molecules and Bioactivity

Momodou Salieu Sowe^1*, Anayo Christian Etonihu², Indra Lasmana Tarigan³

Afidatul Muadifah⁴

,

^1,2Chemistry Unit, Division of Physical & Natural Sciences, School of Arts & Sciences, University of The Gambia,

Brikama Campus, The Gambia. P.O. Box 3530

³Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Jambi, Indonesia

⁴Department of Pharmacy, STIKES Karya Putra Bangsa, Tulungagung 66291, East Java, Indonesia

Abstract

Traditional medicine helps manage and treat various illnesses worldwide, particularly in Africa and Asia. For example,

Traditional Indonesian Medicine (Jamu), Traditional Indian Medicine (Ayurveda), and Traditional African Medicine use

a range of indigenous herbs to treat health conditions like fevers, malaria, diarrhea, diabetes mellitus, Asthma, and

hypertension. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and polyphenols are bioactive substances with anti-

inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant effects in plants. The Fabaceae family consists of flowering plants, peas,

legumes, woody trees, and shrubs. Fabaceae plants are widely used across Africa and Asia for traditional medicinal

purposes. In addition, Fabaceae plants have significant economic value as a source of wood for the timber industry.

This review highlights extraction methods, isolated molecules, and antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Fabaceae

plants found in Africa and Asia. We also detailed secondary metabolite molecules extracted from Fabaceae plant

body parts and their identified bioactivities. This review compiles scientific information on the phytochemicals and

pharmacological properties of plants in the Fabaceae family that could be useful for future drug candidate

investigations.

Keywords: Extraction, Fabaceae plants, molecular structure, traditional medicine

Graphical Abstract

*

Corresponding author

Email addresses: mssowe@utg.edu.gm

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22437/chp.v9i1.36964

Received August 31^st2024; Accepted January 01^st2025; Available online June 01^st2025

(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 )

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Chempublish Journal, 9(2) 2025, 1-35

Introduction

has revealed alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins,

steroids, triterpenoids, and cumarines [13].

Plants are systematically classified into phylum,

class, family, genus, and species, enabling

researchers to target specific groups, such as

Fabaceae, for bioactive compound investigations

[1]. The Fabaceae family of plants, also called

Lugiminosae, has a diverse composition of about

20,000 species of plants distributed in about 727

genera [2,3]. The Fabaceae family is the third-

known largest family of higher plants in the Plant

Kingdom, with members mostly being flowering

plants such as legumes, peas and trees, shrubs,

and herbs (Figure 1) [4].

Secondary metabolites, which have various

structural variations and are non-nutritive

chemical

substances,

oversee

secondary

metabolic mechanisms in plants, including

communication and defence [14]. Secondary

metabolite compounds are biologically active

anti-inflammatory,

anticancer,

antibacterial,

antimalarial, and antioxidant agents [15].

Recent

advances

in

phytochemical

and

pharmacological research have highlighted the

potential of secondary metabolites as single

therapeutic agents or in combination for drug

development [16]. The efficiency of extracting

and isolating these compounds from plant

sources largely depends on the choice of solvent

and extraction technique. Traditional methods,

such as maceration, Soxhlet extraction, and

distillation using polar solvents, remain widely

used [17]. However, recent studies have explored

alternative approaches, including ultrasound-

assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted

Human diseases and ailments are traditionally

treated with various plant species from the

Fabaceae family [5]. Fabaceae plant species are

in many parts of Africa and Asia because they

adapt to different climatic and environmental

conditions

suitable

for

wider

ecological

distribution [6,7]. Traditional medicine plays a

vital role in primary healthcare across Africa and

Asia, where Fabaceae plants are widely used due

to their diverse bioactive compounds [8].

Compared to Asia, Africa is limited in terms of

well-documented literature on phytochemical,

pharmacological, and bioactivity studies of

medicinal plants despite reports indicating that

80% of the population on the continent relies on

some form of traditional medicine to treat

ailments [9].

extraction

(MAE),

and

pressurized-liquid

extraction (PLE) [18]. These non-conventional

techniques, which utilize pressure and wave-

based energy, offer significant advantages in

terms of extraction speed and reduced solvent

consumption [19].

Fabaceae species have been widely studied for

their secondary metabolites and bioactivities,

There is a vast potential to investigate the

phytochemical constituents and pharmacological

potentials of plants in Africa and Southeast Asia.

For example, Senna alata, a shrub of the

Fabaceae family and Caesalpinioideae subfamily

found in Ghana, Nigeria, Niger, and Togo, has

shown promising evidence of antimicrobial and

analgesic properties against bacterial and

inflammatory diseases [10-12]. Similarly, Cassia

including

anticancer,

antimicrobial,

and

antioxidant effects [20]. Phytochemical analyses

have identified compounds such as alkaloids,

flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and

terpenoids in various plant parts—leaves, bark,

stems, and roots (Figure 1) [21,22]. Structural

characterization using mass spectrometry and

NMR has confirmed these metabolites (Figures

2a–2c) [23–25]. Several extracts from Fabaceae

siamea

of

the

Fabaceae

family

and

Caesalpinioideae subfamily is traditionally used

in North Sumatra, Indonesia, as an antimalarial

plant. Antimalarial screening of C. siamea has

shown potency for antimalarial activity, and

phytochemical screening of C. siamea extracts

plants

anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and

antimalarial properties, supporting their

potential use in drug discovery and development

[20–25].

have

shown

notable

antioxidant,

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M.S. Sowe et al.

Chempublish Journal, 9(2) 2025, 1-35

Figure 1. Pictorial representation of plants of the Fabaceae family: (a) Abrus precatorius Linn., (b) Acacia

dealbata Link., (c) Ceratonia silique, (d) Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC, (e) Falcataria moluccana Miq, (f) Glycine

max (L.) Merr, (g) Medicago sativa L., (h) Paraserianthes falcataria L., (i) Tamarindus indica L.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 2. Chemical structures elucidated in Fabacaea plant extracts: (a) quinolizidine alkaloid (lupanine),

(b) phenylated flavonoid (isoflavone), and (c) bisdesmosidic triterpenoid saponin.

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M.S. Sowe et al.

Chempublish Journal, 9(2) 2025, 1-35

In this review article, we discussed extraction

methods applied in secondary metabolite

isolation from plants of the Fabaceae family. We

categorised the methods as (1) maceration, (2)

soxhlet extraction, and microwave-assisted

extraction. In addition, we discussed a variety of

molecules extracted from stems, barks, leaves,

stem barks, and roots of Fabaceae plants found

mainly in Africa and Asia. We also identified

critical reports in the literature on the bioactivity

of the Fabaceae family plant extracts. The

perspectives given in this review could be useful

powered sample material in a vessel that can be

covered; (ii) mix the sample material with an

appropriate solvent; (iii) agitate the mixture; (iv)

cover and allow the vessel to stand for a target

duration [29]. The crude extract is then separated

from the solute sample mixture by filtration.

Polar solvents like water, methanol, and ethanol

are popular choices in maceration extraction for

phytochemical studies [30]. These are capable of

dissolving

plant materials (solubility)

and

separating phytochemicals from the extracellular

parts of plants (selectivity). Despite some

disadvantages of maceration, like long extraction

process, large amounts of solvent consumption,

and low extraction efficiency, maceration

extracts thermally labile compounds without

degradation [31].

in

future

research

potential

and

development

in

therapeutic

compounds

from

secondary metabolites of Fabaceae plants.

Extraction Methods

The growing interest in secondary metabolites

for applications in the fine chemical, food,

beverage, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical

industries has prompted the development of

advanced extraction techniques to improve their

Masruri et al. extracted 0.57% crude extract from

the 3.5 Kg waste bark of Paraserianthes falactaria

L. (sengon) macerated in n-hexane for 24 h [32].

Triterpenoids were identified as the major

constituent with alkaloids and flavonoids. To

extract the oil, Baihaqi et al. macerated 100g of

waste Paraserianthes falcataria bark for two days

in 70% ethanol [33]. Total phenolic (TPC) and total

flavonoid contents (TFC) were reported to be 10

mg GAE/ g dw, 1.6 mg RE/ g dw, and 7.3 mg GAE/

g dw, respectively. After three days of maceration

in 200 ml methanol, Rumidatul et al. extracted

145.21 mg GAE/g TPC and 95.39 mg QE/g TFC

from a 50 g twig of Falcataria moluccana Miq [34].

Teinkela et al. produced 236.3 g of total crude

extracts by extracting 1.3 kg of the root bark and

3.4 kg of the root wood from Piptadeniastrum

africanum (hook.f.) Brennan [35]. Thakur et al.

extracted 5.23 g from 50 g of powdered leaves of

Acacia catechu (L.f) Willd using 500 mL of

methanol-water (50:50, v/v) [36].

recovery.

maceration,

Conventional

Soxhlet

methods

extraction,

such

as

and

hydrodistillation are well-documented in the

literature. In contrast, modern energy-assisted

techniques—including

pressurized

fluid

liquid

extraction,

supercritical

microwave-assisted

extraction

(MAE),

and

ultrasound-assisted

extraction

(UAE)—are

increasingly utilized [26]. These methods are

favored for their efficiency, reduced solvent

consumption, shorter extraction times, and

enhanced extract quality and yield [27,28].

Nevertheless, the selection of an extraction

technique often depends on specific research

objectives and practical considerations, as

summarized in Table 1.

Maceration

Sunday et al. subjected the leaves, seeds, and

roots of Abrus precatorius Linn. to an agitated

maceration in 1 L of sterile distilled water at 25 ^oC

for 8 h [37]. The leaf, seed, and root extracts all

had higher concentrations of tannins, phenols,

and saponins than the root extracts. On the other

Maceration is a traditional method of bioactive

compound extraction from plant materials. The

process involves crushing or grinding previously

dried plant materials to fine particles and powder

and dissolving the plant material in a polar or

non-polar solvent. The maceration extraction

process usually takes a long time, spanning

hours, days, or weeks. The steps to conducting a

maceration extraction process are: (i) place a

hand,

Shourie

and

Kalra

[38]

detected

triterpenes, flavonoids, and glycosides from

water extracts of stem and bark of Abrus

precatorius L. Antimicrobial and antioxidant

studies of Fordia splendidissima by Kusuma et al.,

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Chempublish Journal, 9(2) 2025, 1-35

[39] a traditional medicinal plant used by the

Bentian people of East Kalimantan, Indonesia to

treat diabetes and fever showed that root

extracts macerated in n-hexane, ethanol, and

ethyl acetate for 48 h obtained extract yields of

0.36 g, 0.52 g and 0.53 respectively. Calpurnia

aurea (Ait.) Benth, a plant used by some

communities in Ethiopia to treat wounds, was

confirmed by Ayal et al. to possess wound healing

and anti-inflammation properties [40]. The

wound healing leaves extracts of Calpurnia aurea

(Ait.) Benth was obtained in 5 L methanol (80%)

after 48 h. Belayneh and Birru [41] also extracted

900 g dried leaves of Calpurnia aurea (Ait.) Benth.

for 72 h in 80% ethanol to investigate the

antihyperglycemic properties of C. aurea.

plant family. Rosdiana et al. extracted 10 g of

barks of A. mangium and P. falcataria wood tree

species found in Indonesia in dichloromethane,

acetone, toluene-ethanol (2:1, v/v), and water

[46]. They reported total extract yields of 17.81%

from A. mangium and 6.65% from P. falcataria.

Tamarindus indica is a hardwood tropical tree

widely distributed in some parts of Africa and

Southeast Asia. T. indica used in traditional

medicine to treat skin infections, diarrhea, and

ulcers [47]. Borquaye et al.found that the ethanol

roots and bark extracts of T. indica collected in

Ghana have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant

properties [48]. Soxhlet extraction afforded

10.4% root extract yield and 8.1% bark extract

yield. The root extracts of T. indica L. from India

were also found by Gupta and Singh [49] to

possess antimicrobial, analgesic, and anti-

Birru et al. reported the antidiarrheal activity of

Indigofera spicata Forssk from methanol root

extracts obtained after 72 h of maceration at

ambient temperature [42]. The root extracts

inflammatory

properties.

Petroleum

ether,

ethanol, and water soxhlet extract all contained

flavonoids, phenols, and tannins.

contained

alkaloids,

saponins,

tannins,

glycosides, and flavonoids. Obogwu et al.

investigated the antioxidant activity of Mucuna

pruriens (L) D.C. leaf extracts made by soaking

100 g in 1 L of hydroethanol (95% ethanol) for 48

hours [43]. Gupta and Patel revealed flavonoids,

terpenoids, and steroids in seed methanol

extracts of Mucuna pruriens after maceration of

100 g of sample in 450 mL of 95% methanol for

48 h [44].

According to estimates, 463 million people had

diabetes in 2019. By 2030, that number will climb

to 578 million and by 2045, it will reach 700

million [50]. Diabetes mellitus elevates blood

sugar levels due to metabolic disruptions of

macromolecules like protein and carbohydrates.

Yusro et al. investigated the methanol bark

extracts of Parkia intermedia, Parkia speciosa, and

Parkia timoriana for α-glucosidase inhibition [51].

These plants were investigated for scientific

proof of their efficacy in traditional antidiabetic

treatments in West Kalimantan Province,

Indonesia. Roots (30 g) were extracted in 100 ml

Soxhlet Extraction

Soxhlet

extraction

is

a

non-conventional

technique for bioactive molecule extraction from

plants. The technique has been used since 1879

when German chemist Franz von Soxhlet first

proposed it for lipids extraction [19]. Soxhlet

apparatus consists of a thimble, an extractor, a

round-bottomed flask, a siphon, and a condenser

[45]. Extraction is carried out when a solid sample

material in the thimble is run over by an

extracting solvent heated from the round-

bottom flask. The solvent with potential

extractives from the sample material is

repeatedly siphoned into the round-bottomed

flask. This process is allowed to run under reflux

for the duration of the extraction.

o

methanol at 70 C for 1 h to yield 21.4%, 17.6%,

and 7.2% crude extracts from P. intermedia, P.

speciose, and P. timoriana. Tamarindus indica and

Cassia fistula stem bark extracted in ethanol by a

soxhlet method by Agnihotri and Singh also

showed antidiabetic effects and antioxidant

properties by lowering blood glucose and

preventing renal complications associated with

hyperglycemia in their study [52].

Oxidative stress, primarily caused by the

accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS),

plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of

diabetes

disturbances through oxidative damage to

proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.

Sowndhararajan et al. [53] demonstrated the

mellitus

by

inducing

metabolic

Several studies have reported soxhlet extraction

for secondary metabolites from the Fabaceae

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Chempublish Journal, 9(2) 2025, 1-35

antioxidant potential of bark extracts from

various Indian Acacia species, including A.

leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd., A. ferruginea DC., A.

dealbata Link., and A. pennata (L.) Willd. Soxhlet

extraction using acetone yielded 11.6% for A.

leucophloea, 9.2% for A. pennata, 2.6% for A.

dealbata, and 3.2% for A. ferruginea. In contrast,

methanol extractions yielded 3.6% (A. ferruginea),

6.5% (A. dealbata), 6.6% (A. leucophloea), and 8.7%

(A. pennata), suggesting that solvent polarity

identified

alkaloids,

tannins,

saponins,

flavonoids, and triterpenoids in the stem bark

extracts and revealed that the extracts have anti-

plasmodial activity

Extraction Assisted by Microwave

One of four more recent energy-dependent

technologies used to extract bioactive chemicals

from plants is microwave-assisted extraction

(MAE). MAE uses microwave radiation to heat

plant materials and transfer components into an

extraction solvent [59]. Several factors contribute

to the efficiency of MAE: solvent nature, solute-

significantly

Similarly,

affects

Bhosle

extractive

[54] confirmed

efficiency.

the

anticonvulsant and antioxidant activities of

ethanol extracts from Desmodium triflorum (L.)

DC leaves. Extraction of 300 g of dried leaves at

45°C for 8–9 h yielded 30 g of extract containing

alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins.

Multiple studies have further reported the

analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of

various parts of D. triflorum, supporting its

traditional medicinal use.

to-solvent

ratio,

temperature,

time,

and

microwave irradiation power [60]. Microwave

extraction lowers extraction time and solvent

consumption and increases the quality of extract

yield [61]. It is considered a green method due to

the small organic solvent used for extraction.

The total saponins (TSC) and total phenolic

content (TPC) of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-

graecum L.) seed powder was identified by MAE

by Akbari et al [62]. After 3 mins, 195.32 mg/g and

81.55 mg/g yields were recorded in 80% ethanol

at 70 ^oC and 600 W. The best solute-solvent ratio

was 1:10 g/mL from a tested range of 1:8 to 1:12

g/mL. Solarte et al. found that 32.5 min was the

optimal time to extract 34.8 mg/g inositol from

the leaves of M. sativa L. (Alfalfa) [63]. Mocan et al.

extracted three isoflavones (puerarin, daidzein,

and genistein) from the dried roots of P. lobate

[64]. After 30 min, 10.9 µg/mg puerarin, 1.30

µg/mg daidzein, and 0.12 µg/mg genistein extract

yields were achieved at 40^oC.

The Global Initiative for Asthma Report 2021

estimates that 1-18% of the global population are

asthmatic [55]. Asthma is a lung disease caused

by inflammations of the airway to the lungs. It

results in tightness in the chest, which leads to

breathing difficulties. Taur et al. extracted 500 g

of leaf samples of A. precatorius Linn in 95%

ethanol [56]. The leaf extracts exhibited

antibacterial, anticancer, anti-diarrheal, and anti-

asthma activities. Govindarajan et al. extracted

1000 g of D. elata (L.) leaves and seeds to research

plant-based insect-repellant chemicals. They

then diluted the sample with 5000 mL of hexane,

ethyl

acetate,

benzene,

chloroform,

and

methanol [57]. For every leaf and seed sample

gram, they reported the highest yields (149.20

and 128.02) in methanol and lower yields (92.85

and 86.38 yields) in hexane, respectively. The

other extract yields were 108.30 per-gram leaf

and 100.20 per gram seed (benzene), 116.42 per

Mangang et al. studied different solvent natures

(60-100%) for bioflavonoid extraction from the

barks of A. myriophylla [65]. An optimum 156.81

mg/g yield was obtained in 70.36% ethanol.

Zuluaga et al. tested inositol extraction from seed

and pod of Glycine max (L.) Merr (Soybeans) by

microwave in 0-100% ethanol concentrations

[66]. High inositol yields of 28.51 mg/g and 50.97

mg/g were achieved in 0% ethanol at 120 ^oC after

16.5 min. Vila Verde et al. isolated caryophyllene

and trans-α-bisabolol terpenes from 30 g dried

fruit samples of P. emarginatus in 13.2 mL at a

microwave power of 280 W [67]. Kumar et al.

gram

leaf

and

107.20

per

gram

seed

(chloroform), and 129.95 per gram leaf and

116.50 per gram seed (ethyl acetate). These

results suggest that solvent nature could

influence

crude

extract

yield

in

soxhlet

extraction. Abdulrazak et al.extracted 400 g roots

and stem bark of C. sieberiana (D.C.) in 700 mL of

ethanol [58]. C. sieberiana is widely used in Sub-

Saharan Africa for malaria treatments. They

investigated

the

efficiency

of

microwave

extraction of total anthocyanin (TAC) and total

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M.S. Sowe et al.

Chempublish Journal, 9(2) 2025, 1-35

phenolic content (TPC) from the seed coat of

Glycine max L. (black soybean) [68]. They

determined 59.99% hydro-ethanol and 569.46 W

irradiation power was the best condition to yield

5094.9 mg/l TAC and 4442.94 mg/100 mL TPC

extracts. Izirwan et al. extracted 0.457 mg/g

(49.97%) anthocyanin from the flowers of C.

Ternatea in 95% ethanol at 60 ^oC after 15 min [69].

Finally, Huma et al. extracted 70.11 mg/g TPC and

4.11 mg/g condensed tannins from the carob

kibbles of C. silique in 45% ethanol at a microwave

power of 340 W [70].

atoms.

In

5,

7,

4′

5′

tetrahydroxy-2′-

methoxyflavone, ¹H NMR shifts indicated the

existence of methyl and five aromatic protons,

while ¹³C NMR shifts confirmed the presence of

an isoetin flavone moiety. From ethanol leaf

extracts of Bauhinia galpinii, Erhabor et al. found

the flavonoids 2''-O-rhamnosylvitexin, myricetin

3-O-galactopyranoside,

galactopyranoside [73].

and

quercetin

3-O-

Myricetin, quercetin, and rutin were extracted

from the fruit extract of Crotalaria retusa L., as

well as p-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives (2,5

DHBA and 3,4 DHBA) from the flower, stem bark,

and fruit methanol extracts by Sinan et al [74].

Mohotti et al. reported the isolation of rutin from

aqueous leaf extracts of Derris scandens

confirmed by HRESI-MS data [75]. Dalpanitin

(C₂₂H₂₂O₁₁), vicenin-3 (C₂₆H₂₈O₁₄), and vicenin-2

(C₂₇H₃₀O₁₅) were also present in the extract, as

confirmed by HREI-MS. Condensed tannins like

proanthocyanidins and polyphenols such as

robinetinidol, fisetinidol, and gallocatechin were

isolated from ethanol bark extracts of Acacia

mangium by Chen et al [76] Rosdiana et al [46]

found high amounts of fatty acids such as

palmitic acid in bark DCM extract of Acacia

mangium. Tricosanol, 5-stigmasta-7,22-dien-3-ol,

and piptadenamide were obtained from the

hexane/ethyl acetate fraction of Piptadeniastrum

africanum (hook. f.) Brennan root extracts by

Teinkela et al [35].

Fabaceae Plant Family Molecules

Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. stem bark ethyl

acetate extract was used by Noviany et al. to

isolate flavonoids [71]. Two flavonoids, 2-(3,4-

dihydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl) and 2-(4-hydroxy-2-

methoxyphenyl)-5,6-dimethoxybenzofuran-3-

carboxaldehyde, Dimeric sesbagrandiflorain A

and

carbaldehyde, and sesbagrandiflorain were

present. They identified new flavonoid

molecule, 2-arylbenzofuran, and mass

B,

4-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzofuran-3-

a

spectroscopic elucidation (HR-TOF) confirmed

the molecular formula of 2-arylbenzofuran to be

C₁₇H₁₄O₆(m/z 315.08765, [M+H] ⁺). ¹H NMR

further confirmed that a chemical shift at 10.05

ppm for an aldehyde proton and two shifts at

7.10 ppm showed the presence of aromatic

protons. Methyl carbons, aromatic ring carbons

(Sp²

hybridized),

oxygenated

and

non-

oxygenated quaternary carbons, and carbonyl

carbon were all identified from the ¹³C NMR

spectra. In addition to some previously reported

compounds like 3, 5, 7, 3′, 4′, and 5′-

hexahydroxyflavone (flavonoid), quercetin-3-O-

galactopyranoside (flavonoid), and myricetin-3-

O-galactopyranoside (flavonoid), Ahmed et al.

isolated what they called novel bioactive

compounds, including 24-isopropylcholest-5-en-

3,8-diol [72]. The chemical structures of 5, 7, 4′,

and 5′ tetrahydroxy-2′-methoxyflavone and 24-

isopropylcholest-5-en-3,8-diol were determined

by HR-ESI-MS to be C₃₀H₅₂O₂and C₁₆H₁₀O₇,

respectively. Chemical shifts at 5.33 ppm and

3.05 ppm from the ¹H NMR spectra of 24-

From the ethanol seed extract of Trigonella

foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek), Akbari et al.

identified fifty (50) chemicals. The components

were identified by LC-QTOF/MS analysis as

steroids and terpenoid saponins [62]. A variety of

phenolic

(C₃₀H₃₈O₁₆),

compounds

like

campneoside

I

forsythoside

E

(C₂₀H₃₀O₁₂),

cistanoside C (C₃₀H₃₈O₁₅), and Quercetin-3-O-

neohesperidoside (C₂₇H₃₀O₁₆) were detected.

Some of the major compounds identified in

positive ion mode were timosaponin B-2

(C₄₅H₇₆O₁₉),

cimicifugic acid B (C₂₁H₂₀O₁₁). Smilaxin (C₁₇H₁₆O₆),

(-)-suspensaside (C₃₃H₄₄O₁₆), and

protodiosgenin

(C₃₃H₅₄O₉),

and

B

kuzubutenolide A (C₂₃H₂₄O₁₀) were detected in

negative ion mode. In methanol seed extracts of

fenugreek, Navarro del Hierro et al. and Herrera

et al. established the existence of the steroidal

saponins diosgenin-Xyl-GlcA-Rha, diosgenin-glu-

Isopropylcholest-5-en-3,8-diol

revealed

two

distinct protonic environments, shifts at 0.659

and 0.988 ppm suggested methyl groups and the

¹³C NMR revealed signals for all thirty (30) carbon

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Chempublish Journal, 9(2) 2025, 1-35

glu-xyl-rha, gitogenin-glu-rha-glu and diosgenin-

rha-glu-rha-glu [77,78]. Twenty (20) compounds

were isolated from twig methanol extract of

Falcataria moluccana by Rumidatul et al [34]. In

the extract's GC-MS analysis, the following

compounds were discovered: terpinolene, dl-

Flavonoids and polyphenolics are relatively

prevalent secondary metabolite chemicals in

plants of the Fabaceae family based on our

thorough evaluation of the literature (Table 2).

However, the leaves, roots, and stems of

Fabaceae plants could also contain considerable

levels of quinones, steroids, terpenoids, and

alkaloids. Flavonoids like quercetin (Figure 3(10))

and myricetin (Figure 3(2)) and their derivatives

such as quercetin-3-O-glucoside shown in Figure

3(3) and myricetin-3-O-glucoside shown in Figure

3(4) were found in several body parts of Fabaceae

limonene,

trimethyl-,

Bicyclo[4.1.0]

and

hept-2-ene,

Delta 3-Carene.

3,7,7-

King et al. found guaiacol and 1-hydroxy-3-

methoxy-6-methyl

anthraquinone

in the aqueous and methanol extracts, chondrila

sterol and stigmast-7-en-3-ol in the n-hexane

extract, ethyl iso-allocholate and ergosta-5,22-

dien-3-ol in the methanol extract of Albizia

falcataria [79]. By using HRESIMS, 1D, and 2D

NMR, Fotso et al. identified several compounds in

Albizia glaberrima extracts, including (+)-(2R, 3S,

plant

species.

Table

3

summarises

the

spectroscopic data recorded to elucidate isolated

molecules with mass spectroscopy, NMR, HPLC,

and GC-MS.

4R)-3′,4′,

7-trihydroxy-4-methoxy-2,3-trans-

flavan-3,4-trans-diol (5-dehydroxyflavon), flavans

(+)-mollisacacidin, (+)-fustin, butin; steroids

chondrillasterol, and chondrillasterone; and a

triterpenoid lupeol [80].

In addition, Wang et al. identified acacic acid

lactone

3-O-β-d-fucopyranosyl-

(1→6)-β-d-

glucopyranoside, acacic acid lactone 3-O-β-d-

fucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-2-deoxy-2-acetylamino

glucopyranoside and acacic acid lactone 3-O-β-d-

2-deoxy-2-acetylaminogluco

pyranosidethree

triterpenoid saponins from stem bark extracts of

Albizia julibrissin [81]. Oleanane saponins 21-O-

{(2E,6S)-2-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-6-O-[3-O-

(2′E,6′S)-2′,6′-dimethyl-6′-O-β-D-

quinovopyranosyl-2′,7′-octadienoyl-β-D-

quinovopyranosyl]-2,7-octadienoyl]}-3-O-[β-D-

Figure 3. Flavonoid molecules of Fabaceae plant

extracts: (1) quercetin, (2) myricetin, (3)

Quercetin-glycoside, (4) Myricetin-glycoside.

xylopyranosyl-(l→2)-β-D-fucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-

D-glucopyranosyl]

acetic

acid

28-O-β-D-

glucopyranosyl-(l→3)-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl-

(l→4)]-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(l→2)-β-D-

glucopyranosyl ester; and 21-O- {(2E,6S)-2, 6-

dimethyl-6-O- [4-O-(2′E, 6′S)-2′, 6′-dimethyl-6′-O-

β-D-xylopyranosyl-2′,7′-octadienoyl-β-D-

quinovopyranosyl]-2,7-octadienoyl]}-3-O-{β-D-

xylopyranosyl-(l→2)-β-D-fucopyranosyl-(1→6)-[β-

D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl}

machaerinic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(l→3)-

[α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(l→4)]-α-L-

rhamnopyranosyl-(l→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl

ester were isolated from the stem bark of Albizia

julibrissin by Han et al [82].

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Table 1. Reported Extraction Methods of Fabaceae Family Plants

No

Scientific Name

Extraction

Method

Extraction Conditions

Summary of Results

References

1.

Abrus

Linn.

precatorius

Maceration

Plant part: Leaf, seed, root

Solvent: Distilled water (1000 mL)

Temperature: 25^oC

Leaf extract yield: 85.96 mg/g

Seed extract yield: 75.86 mg/g

Root extract yield: 37.52 mg/g

[37]

Time: 8 h

2.

3.

Abrus precatorius L.

Maceration

Plant part: Stem, bark

Sample quantity: 200 g

Solvent: Ethanol (80%)

Temperature: 40 ^oC, time: 48 h

Plant part: Leaf

Sample quantity: 50 g

Solvent: Methanol (50%,500 mL)

Time = 48 h

Total yield: 21.40 g

[38]

[36]

Acacia catechu (L.f)

Willd

Leaf extract yield: 5.23 g

4.

5.

Acacia

Link.

Acacia

DC.

dealbata

Soxhlet

Plant part: Bark

Solvent: Methanol, acetone

Plant part: Bark

Solvent: Methanol, acetone

Acetone extract yield: 9.2%

MeOH extract yield: 8.7%

Acetone extract yield: 3.2%

MeOH extract yield: 3.6%

[53]

ferruginea

6.

7.

Acacia leucophloea

(Roxb.) Willd.

Acacia mangium

Soxhlet

Plant part: Bark

Solvent: Methanol, acetone

Plant part: Bark

Sample Quantity: 10 g

Acetone extract yield: 11.6%

MeOH extract yield: 6.6%

Total extract yield: 17.81%

DCM extract yield: 0.77%

[53]

[46]

Solvent:

ethanol (2:1), Water

DCM,

Acetone,

Toluene- Acetone extract yield: 5.20%

Toluene-ethanol yield: 7.31%

Water extract yield: 4.52%

8.

9.

Acacia pennata (L.)

Willd.

Albizia myriophylla

Soxhlet

MAE

Plant part: Bark

Solvent: Methanol, acetone

Plant part: Bark

Microwave power: 400-900 W

Solvent: Ethanol (60-100%)

Acetone extract yield: 2.6%

MeOH extract yield: 6.5%

Bioflavonoid yield: 156.81 mg/g

[53]

[65]

Solute-solvent ratio: 20-40 mL/g

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No

Scientific Name

Extraction

Method

Extraction Conditions

Summary of Results

References

Time: 20-40 min

Optimum condition: Microwave power

728 W, EtOH 70.36%, 39.86 min, 24.70

mL/g

10.

Calpurnia

(Ait.) Benth

aurea

Maceration

Plant part: Leaf

MeOH extract yield: 23%

CHCl₃extract yield: 10%,

Ethyl acetate yield: 27.5%

Water extract yield: 62.5%

[40]

Sample quantity: 1 Kg

Solvent: Methanol (80%, 5 L),

Fraction: CHCl₃, ethyl acetate, water

Time: 48 h

11.

12.

Ceratonia silique

Clitoria ternatea

MAE

Plant part: Kibbles

Total phenolic yield: 70.11 mg/g

Condensed tannin yield: 4.11 mg/g

Optimum condition:

[70]

[69]

Solvent: Ethanol (30%-90%)

Microwave power: 170-900 W

Solute-solvent ratio: 10-30 mL/g

Plant part: Flower

Ethanol (45%), Power 340 W, 30 mL/g

Anthocyanin

(49.97%)

yield:

0.457

mg/g

Solvent: Ethanol (95%)

Solvent-solute ratio: 11, 15, 20, 25, 29 Optimum condition: (T= 60 ^oC, 15

g/mL)

mg/mL, t = 15 min)

Temperature: 32, 40, 50, 60, 68^oC

Time: 11, 15, 20, 25 & 29 min

Plant part: Leaf, seed

Sample quantity: 1000 g

13.

Delonix elata (L.)

Soxhlet

MeOH extracts yield:

Leaf: 149.20 g

Gamble

Solvent:

Hexane,

Ethyl

acetate, Seed: 128.02 g

[57]

Benzene, Chloroform, Methanol (5000 Hexane extracts yield:

mL)

Leaf: 92.85 g

Time: 8 h

Seed: 86.38 g

Benzene extracts yield

Leaf: 108.30 g

Seed: 100.20 g

Chloroform extracts yield

Leaf: 116.42 g

Seed: 107.20 g

Ethyl acetate extracts yield

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No

Scientific Name

Extraction

Method

Extraction Conditions

Summary of Results

References

Leaf: 129.95 g

Seed: 116.50 g

14.

Desmodium

triflorum (L.) D.C.

Soxhlet

Plant part: Leaf

Sample quantity: 300 g

Extract yield: 30 g

[54]

Solvent: Ethanol

Temperature: 45 ^oC,

Time: 8-9 h

15.

16.

Falcataria

moluccana Miq

Maceration

Plant part: Twiq

Sample quantity: 50 g

Solvent: Methanol (200 mL)

Total phenolic content: 145.21 mg/g

Total flavonoid content: 95.39 mg/g

[34]

[39]

Fordia

Plant part: Root

Ethanol extract yield: 0.53 g (2.89%)

splendidissima

Solvent: N-hexane, Ethyl acetate, and Ethyl acetate extract yield: 0.52 g

Ethanol

(2.84%)

Time: 48 h

Hexane extract yield: 0.36 g (1.96%)

17.

Glycine

Merr

max

(L.)

MAE

Plant part: Seed, pod

Inositol yield in seed extract: 28.51

mg/g

Inositol yield in pod extract: 50.97 mg/g

[66]

Solvent: Ethanol (0-100%)

Solute-solvent ratio: 0.5:10 g/mL

Temperature = 50-120 ^oC,

Time: 3-30 min

Optimum condition: (0% EtOH, 16.5

min, 120 ^oC)

18.

19.

Glycine max L.

MAE

Plant part: Seed coat

Total anthocyanin yield: 5094.9 mg/L

Total phenolic yield: 4442.94 mg/100

mL

[68]

[63]

Solvent: Hydro-ethanol (59.99%)

Solute-solvent ratio: 1:40 g/mL

Microwave Power: 569.46 W

Time: 4.38 min

Medicago sativa L.

(Alfalfa)

Plant part: Leaf, Seed

Inositol yield in leaf extract: 34.8 mg/g

Optimum condition: 0.1g/10 mL, 32.5

min, 40 ^oC

Solute-solvent ratio: 0.1-0.5 g/10 mL

Microwave power: 900 W

Temperature: 40-120 ^oC,

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No

Scientific Name

Extraction

Method

Extraction Conditions

Summary of Results

References

Time: 5-60 min

Inositol yield in seed: 30.9 mg/g

Optimum condition: 0.1g/10 mL, 60

min, 80 ^oC

20.

Paraserianthes

falcataria L.

Soxhlet

Plant part: Bark

Sample Quantity: 10 g

Total extract yield: 6.65%

DCM extract yield: 1.05%

[46]

Solvent:

ethanol (2:1), Water

DCM,

acetone,

toluene- Acetone extract yield: 0.74%

Toluene-ethanol yield: 1.16%

Water extract yield: 3.69%

Extract yield: 0.57%

Paraserianthes

falcataria L.

Maceration

Plant part: Bark

[32]

[33]

21.

22.

23.

Sample quantity: 3.5 Kg

Solvent: n-Hexane

Plant part: Bark

Sample quantity: 100 g

Solvent: Ethanol (70%), water

Paraserianthes

falcataria L.

TPC in ethanol: 10 mg/g

TPC in water: 7.5 mg/g

TFC in ethanol: 1.6 mg/g

TFC in ethanol: 3.3 mg/g

Extract yield: 21.4%

Parkia intermedia

Parkia speciosa

Soxhlet

Plant part: Bark

[51]

Sample quantity: 30 g

Solvent: Methanol (100 mL)

Temperature: 70^oC,

Time: 1 h

24.

25.

Plant part: Bark

Extract yield: 17.6%

Extract yield: 7.2%

Sample quantity: 30 g

Solvent: Methanol (100 mL)

Temperature: 70^oC,

Time:1 h

Parkia

Plant part: Bark

timoriana

Sample quantity: 30 g

Solvent: Methanol (100 mL)

Temperature:70^oC,

Time: 1 h

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No

Scientific Name

Extraction

Method

Extraction Conditions

Summary of Results

References

26.

Piptadeniastrum

africanum (hook.f.)

Brennan

Maceration

Plant part: Root bark (1.3 kg),

root wood (4.3 kg)

Solvent: Methanol

Total extract yield: 236.3 g

[35]

Room temperature,

Time: 48 h

27.

28.

Pterodon

emarginatus

MAE

Plant part: Fruit

Solvent: Water

Solute-solvent ratio: 30g/13.2mL

Microwave power 220, 250, 280 W

Time: 29 min

Terpene yield: 6.6% v/w

Optimum microwave power: 280 W

[67]

[62]

Trigonella foenum-

graecum L.

Plant part: Seed

Total saponin yield: 195.32 mg/g

Total phenolic yield: 81.55 mg/g

Optimum condition: 600 W, 80% EtOH,

3 min, 1:10 g/mL

Microwave power: 500-700 W

Solvent: Ethanol (40-80%)

Solute-solvent ratio: 1:8-1:12 g/mL

Temperature: 70^oC,

Time: 3 & 4 min

29.

30.

Tamarindus indica

L.

Soxhlet

MAE

Plant part: Root, bark

Solvent: Ethanol (99%)

Solute-solvent: 1:5 g/mL

Plant part: Root

Solvent: Water (65%, 5 mL), Ethanol Puerarin yield: 10.9 µg/mg

(65%, 10 mL),

Root extract yield: 10.4%

Bark extract yield: 8.1%

[48]

[64]

Pueraria lobate

Total isoflavone yield: 12.32 µg/mg

Solvent-sample ratio: 0.1:5 - 0.1:10 Optimum condition: EtOH (65%), 30

g/mL

min, 0.1:5 g/mL, 40^oC

Microwave power: 0-300 W

Temperature: 40, 60, 100^oC,

Time: 0, 30, 60 min

TPC = Total Phenolic Content, TFC = Total Flavonoid Content, MAE = Microwave-Assisted Extraction

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Table 2. Reported Molecules of Fabaceae Family Plants

Spectroscopic analysis

No. Scientific

name

Plant

part

Molecular class

Molecules

References

MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS

HPLC/MS

1.

Acacia mangium Bark

Condensed tannins

Proanthocyanidins:

fisetinidol, gallocatechin

robinetinidol,

[76]

GC-MS

n.d

Hexadecanoic acid (Palmitic acid)

[46]

[79]

GC-MS

2.

Albizia falcataria Sawdust

Phenolic

Guaiacol

Anthraquinone derivative

Phytosterol

1-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-6-

methylanthraquinone

Chondrillasterol

Phytosterol

Derivative

Stigmast-7-en-3-ol, (3B,5a`)-

Steroid

Ethyl iso-allocholate

Sterol derivative

Sapogenin aglycone

Acetate, Ergosta-5,22-dien-3-ol

(3a´) -(Erythrodiol), Olean-12-ene-

3,28-diol

HR-ESI-MS, HMQC, 1D

and 2D NMR, HMBC

3.

Albizia

glaberrima

Root bark Flavonoid

5-dehydroxyflavon ((+) -(2R, 3S, 4R)-

[80]

3′,4′,

7-trihydroxy-4-methoxy-2,3-

trans-flavan-3,4-trans-diol)

Butin, (+)-mollisacacidin, (+) fustin

Chondrillasterone, Chondrillasterol,

Lupeol

Flavans

Steroid

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Triterpenoid

Triterpenoid saponin

HR-ESI-MS

Albizia julibrissin Stem

bark

Acacic

acid

lactone

3-O-β-d-

[81]

¹H, ¹³C NMR, HMBC

4

fucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-

glucopyranoside.

Acacic

acid

lactone

3-O-β-d-

fucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-2-deoxy-

2-acetylaminoglucopyranoside;

Acacic acid lactone 3-O-β-d-2-deoxy-

2-acetylaminoglucopyranoside

MALDI-TOF-MS

21-O-{(2E,6S)-2-hydroxymethyl-6-

methyl-6-O-[3-O-(2′E,6′S)-2′,6′-

dimethyl-6′-O-β-D-

¹H & ¹³C NMR data

Oleanane saponins

[82]

quinovopyranosyl-2′,7′-octadienoyl-

β-D-quinovopyranosyl]-2,7-

octadienoyl]}-3-O-[β-D-

xylopyranosyl-(l→2)-β-D-

fucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-

glucopyranosyl] acacic acid 28-O-β-

D-glucopyranosyl-(l→3)-[α-L-

arabinofuranosyl-(l→4)]-α-L-

rhamnopyranosyl-(l→2)-β-D-

glucopyranosyl ester;

21-O- {(2E,6S)-2, 6-dimethyl-6-O- [4-

O-(2′E, 6′S)-2′, 6′-dimethyl-6′-O-β-D-

xylopyranosyl-2′,7′-octadienoyl-β-D-

quinovopyranosyl]-2,7-

octadienoyl]}-3-O-{β-D-

xylopyranosyl-(l→2)-β-D-

fucopyranosyl-(1→6)-[β-D-

glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-

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glucopyranosyl} machaerinic acid

28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(l→3)-[α-

L-arabinofuranosyl-(l→4)]-α-L-

rhamnopyranosyl-(l→2)-β-D-

glucopyranosyl ester

Isoetin 2′-methyl ether (5, 7, 4′ 5′

tetrahydroxy-2′-methoxyflavone);

Quercetin (3, 5, 7, 3′, 4′-

HR-ESI-MS

Bauhinia galpinii Leaves

Flavonoid

[72]

¹H and ¹³C NMR

UV-Vis

5

pentahydroxyflavone)

Myreciten (3, 5, 7, 3′, 4′, 5′-

Flavonoid glycoside

hexahydroxyflavone);

Myricetin-3-O-β-galactopyranoside;

Isopropylcholest-5-en-3,8-diol

Quercetin-3-O-β-

UPLC-MS-ESI

Triterpenoid

galactopyranoside;

2''-O-rhamnosylvitexin

Myricetin-3-O-galactopyranoside;

Quercetin-3-O-galactopyranoside

Flavonoid glycosides

[73]

[74]

LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS

LC-QQQ- MS/MS

Crotalaria

retusa L.

Fruit

Flavonoids

Phenolics

Myricetin, quercetin, rutin

6

p-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives

(2,5 DHBA and 3,4 DHBA)

Stem

bark

Flavonoids

Phenolics

Quercetin, rutin

p-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives

(2,5 DHBA and 3,4 DHBA)

p-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives

(2,5 DHBA and 3,4 DHBA)

Phenolics

Alkaloids

Flower

Floridanine

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Stem

bark

Fruit

Alkaloids

Flavonoid

Serecionine N-oxide usaramine,

retrosine

¹H and ¹³C NMR

HRESI-MS

7

8

Derris scandens

Leaves

Dalpanitin,

rutin,

vicenin-3,

vicenin-2,

[75]

[34]

GC-MS

Falcataria

moluccana

Twig

Bark

Terpenes

Bicyclo[4.1.0] hept-2-ene,

3,7,7-trimethyl-, delta 3-carene, α-

Terpinolene, dl-limonene

Hexadecanoic acid

n.d

Terpenoid

GC-MS

Paraserianthes

falcataria

3b,22E-ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol

[46]

[35]

9

β –amyrin, hexadecanoic acid

n.d

Flavonoid

1D & 2D NMR

10. Piptadeniastrum Root

africanum

5α-stigmasta-7,22-dien-3-β-ol

Oleanolic acid, Tricosanol, Betulinic

acid,

(hook.f.)

Phenolics

Brennan

Alkaloids

Piptadenamide

HR-TOF-MS

ESI-TOF-MS

¹H & ¹³C NMR

U.V., I.R.

11. Sesbania

Stem

Flavonoids

2-(3,4-dihydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl)-

4-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzofuran-3-

[71]

grandiflora (L.) bark

Pers.

carbaldehyde,

2-(4-hydroxy-2-

methoxyphenyl)-5,6-

dimethoxybenzofuran-3-

carboxaldehyde,

2-arylbenzofuran,

Sesbagrandiflorain A,

Sesbagrandiflorain B

Timosaponin B-2

Protodiosgenin

LC-QTOF-MS

12. Trigonella

Seed

Terpenoid saponins

Phenolics

[62]

foenum-

graecum

(Fenugreek)

L.

Campneoside I, forsythoside E,

cistanoside C, Quercetin-3-O-

neohesperidoside, cimicifugic acid B,

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smilaxin, (-)-suspensaside B,

kuzubutenolide A

Rha, Gitogenin-Glu-Rha-

Glu-Xyl-Rha

Diosgenin-Xyl-GlcA-Rha, Diosgenin-Glu- HPLC-MS/DAD

Glu-Xyl- Glu, Diosgenin-Rha-Glu-Rha-

Glu, Diosgenin-GlcA-

Steroidal saponins

[77], [78]

n.d = Not determined

Table 3. Spectrometric Data of Isolated Molecules of Fabaceae Family Plants

No.

Plant

Molecule

Formulas

Molecular weight

RT (min)

Method of

analysis

References

^a(g/mol);

charge ratio (m/z)

124^a

^bmass-to-

1

Albizia falcataria

Guaiacol

n.d

GC-MS

[79]

1-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-6-

methylanthraquinone;

Chondrillasterol

Ethyl iso-allocholate

Stigmast-7-en-3-ol, (3B,5a`)-

Ergosta-5,22-dien-3-ol

Acetate

340^a

n.d

412^a

414^a

436^a

440^a

442^a

n.d

2

Albizia glaberrima

(+) -(2R, 3S, 4R)-3′,4′, 7-trihydroxy-4-

methoxy-2,3-trans-flavan-3,4-trans-

C₁₆H₁₆O₆

327.08389^b

[M + Na] ⁺

n.d

HR-ESI-MS

[80]

diol

(5-dehydroxyflavon);

(+)-mollisacacidin

(+)-fustin

Butin

Chondrillasterol Chondrillasterone

Lupeol

n.d

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No.

Plant

Molecule

Formulas

3-O-β-d- C₄₂H₆₆O₁₃

3-O-β-d- C₄₄H₆₉NO₁₃

Molecular weight

RT (min)

Method of

analysis

References

^a(g/mol);

^bmass-to-

charge ratio (m/z)

3

Albizia julibrissin

Acacic

acid

lactone

801.4407^b

n.d

¹³C NMR,

HR-ESI-MS

[81]

fucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-

glucopyranoside;

[M + Na] ⁺/ 777.4406 [M-

H]^-

Acacia

acid

lactone

820.4852^b[M+H] ⁺

fucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-2-deoxy-

n.d

2-acetylaminoglucopyranoside;

Acacia acid lactone 3-O-β-d-2-deoxy- C₃₈H₅₉NO₉

2-acetylaminoglucopyranoside

674.4275^b[M+H] ⁺

n.d

4

Albizia julibrissin

21-O-{(2E,6S)-2-hydroxymethyl-6-

methyl-6-O-[3-O-(2′E,6′S)-2′,6′-

dimethyl-6′-O-β-D-

quinovopyranosyl-2′,7′-octadienoyl-

β-D-quinovopyranosyl]-2,7-

octadienoyl]}-3-O-[β-D-

C₁₀₂H₁₆₂O₄₉

2193.7686^b

[M + Na] ⁺

2209.7573^b

[M + K] ⁺

MALDI-

TOF-MS

[82]

xylopyranosyl-(l→2)-β-D-

fucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-

glucopyranosyl] acacia acid; 28-O-β-

D-glucopyranosyl-(l→3)-[α-L-

arabinofuranosyl-(l→4)]-α-L-

rhamnopyranosyl-(l→2)-β-D-

glucopyranosyl ester

C₁₀₇H₁₇₀O₅₂

2310.0022^b[M + Na] ⁺

2325.9697^b[M + K] ⁺

n.d

21-O- {(2E,6S)-2, 6-dimethyl-6-O- [4-

O-(2′E, 6′S)-2′, 6′-dimethyl-6′-O-β-D-

xylopyranosyl-2′,7′-octadienoyl-β-D-

quinovopyranosyl]-2,7-

octadienoyl]}-3-O-{β-D-

xylopyranosyl-(l→2)-β-D-

fucopyranosyl-(1→6)-[β-D-

glucopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-

19

M.S. Sowe et al.

Chempublish Journal, 9(2) 2025, 1-35

No.

Plant

Molecule

Formulas

Molecular weight

RT (min)

Method of

analysis

References

^a(g/mol);

^bmass-to-

charge ratio (m/z)

glucopyranosyl} machaerinic acid

28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(l→3)-[α-

L-arabinofuranosyl-(l→4)]-α-L-

rhamnopyranosyl-(l→2)-β-D-

glucopyranosyl ester

5

Bauhinia galpinii

24-Isopropylcholest-5-en-3,8-diol;

C₃₀H₅₂O₂

n.d

[72]

5,

7,

4′

5′

tetrahydroxy-2′-

methoxyflavone (isoetin 2′-methyl C₁₆H₁₀O₇

ether);

3, 5, 7, 3′, 4′-pentahydroxyflavone n.d

(Quercetin);

3, 5, 7, 3′, 4′, 5′-hexahydroxyflavone n.d

(Myricetin);

315.054^b[M]^-

ES-MS

Quercetin-3-O-β-galactopyranoside

myricetin-3-O-β-galactopyranoside

n.d

6

Bauhinia galpinii

2''-O-rhamnosylvitexin

n.d

578^a, 577.1552^b

[M-H]^-

6.34

5.88

6.50

UPLC-MS-

ESI

[73]

Myricetin-3-O-galactopyranoside

Quercetin-3-O-galactopyranoside

480^a, 479.0816^b

[M-H]^-

464^a, 463.0872^b

[M-H]^-

7

8

Crotalaria retusa L

Floridanine

Serecionine N-oxide

Usaramine

Retrosine

Dalpanitin

C₂₁H₃₁NO₉

C₁₈H₂₅NO₆

C₂₂H₂₂O₁₁

442.2060^b

352.1737^b

463.1004^b

(M + H) ⁺

n.d

16

LC-QTOF

MS/MS

(ESI-QTOF-

MS/MS)

HRESI-MS

HPLC-UV

[74]

[75]

Derris scandens

20

M.S. Sowe et al.

Chempublish Journal, 9(2) 2025, 1-35

No.

Plant

Molecule

Formulas

Molecular weight

RT (min)

Method of

analysis

References

^a(g/mol);

charge ratio (m/z)

565.1442^b

(M + H) ⁺

^bmass-to-

Vicenin-3

Vicenin-2

Rutin

C₂₆H₂₈O₁₄

C₂₇H₃₀O₁₅

n.d

18

17

19

595.1668^b

(M + H) ⁺

611.14

(M + H) ⁺

Falcataria moluccana

α-Terpinolene

dl-limonene

bicyclo[4.1.0] hept-2-ene

3,7,7-trimethyl-Delta 3-Carene

Hexadecanoic acid

C₁₀H₁₆

C₁₃H₂₀

C₁₀H₁₆

C₁₆H₃₂O₂

C₁₈H₁₆O₆

136.23^a

6.776

5.892

5.710

5.632

17.374

n.d

GC-MS

[34]

[71]

9

136.23^a

176.3^a

136.23^a

256.42^a

10

Sesbania grandiflora 2-(4-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl)-

329.10330^b[M+H] ⁺

HR-TOF-MS

(L.) Pers.

5,6-dimethoxybenzofuran-3-

carboxaldehyde

2-(3,4-dihydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl)-

4-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzofuran-3- C₁₇H₁₄O₇

carbaldehyde

331.08261^b

[M+H] ⁺

n.d

ESI-TOF-

MS

2-arylbenzofuran

315.08765^b

[M+H] ⁺

C₁₇H₁₄O₆

n.d

11

Trigonella

graecum

(Fenugreek)

foenum- Timosaponin B-2

C₄₅H₇₆O₁₉

C₃₃H₅₄O₉

C₃₀H₃₈O₁₆

C₂₀H₃₀O₁₂

C₃₀H₃₈O₁₅

C₂₇H₃₀O₁₆

943.4872^b+Na

595.3839^b+H

653.2090^{b -}H

461.1677^{b -}H

637.2150^{b -}H

3.10

3.04

0.89

0.97

0.65

1.79

LC-QTOF-

MS

[62]

L. Protodiosgenin

Campneoside I

Forsythoside E

Cistanoside C

Quercetin-3-O-neohesperidoside

Cimicifugic acid B

Smilaxin

611.1615^{b +}

H

C₂₁H₂₀O₁₁

449.1076^{b +}

H

2.50

2.86

0.87

(-)-suspensaside B Kuzubutenolide C₁₇H₁₆O₆

C₃₃H₄₄O₁₆

315.0875^{b -}H

695.2563^{b -}H

A

21

M.S. Sowe et al.

Chempublish Journal, 9(2) 2025, 1-35

No.

Plant

Molecule

Formulas

Molecular weight

RT (min)

Method of

analysis

References

^a(g/mol);

charge ratio (m/z)

459.1304^{b -}H

n.d

^bmass-to-

C₂₃H₂₄O₁₀

2.80

12

Trigonella foenum-

graecum L.

(Fenugreek)

Diosgenin-Xyl-GlcA-Rha Diosgenin- n.d

Glu-Glu-Xyl-Rha Gitogenin-Glu-Rha- n.d

Glu

Diosgenin-Rha-Glu-Rha-Glu

Diosgenin-GlcA-Glu-Xyl-Rha

12.78

12.87

13.09

14.17

14.79

13.5

13.8

14.1

14.5

15.0

HPLC-MS-

DAD

[77]

n.d

13

14

Trigonella

graecum

(Fenugreek)

foenum- Diosgenin-Xyl-GlcA-Rha Diosgenin- n.d

L. Glu-Glu-Xyl-Rha Gitogenin-Glu-Rha- n.d

415^b[M+H] ⁺

415^b[M+H]⁺

417^b[M+H] ⁺

HPLC-MS-

EPI

[78]

[89]

Glu

n.d

Diosgenin-Rha-Glu-Rha-Glu

Diosgenin-GlcA-Glu-Xyl-Rha

Melilotus

officinalis

Protocatechuic acid

Caffeic acid

Epicatechin

Coumaric acid

Rutin

Rosmarinic acid

Resveratrol

Kaempferol

Gallic acid

Protocatechuic acid

Caffeic acid

Epicatechin

Coumaric acid

Rutin

n.d

10.8

21.9

22.7

24.4

25.7

28.8

31.9

34.9

4.8

10.8

21.9

22.7

24.4

25.7

32.1

28.8

31.9

34.9

LC

[89]

15

Coronilla varia

LC

Quercetin

Rosmarinic acid

Resveratrol

Kaempferol

22

M.S. Sowe et al.

Chempublish Journal, 9(2) 2025, 1-35

No.

Plant

Molecule

Formulas

Molecular weight

RT (min)

Method of

analysis

References

^a(g/mol);

^bmass-to-

charge ratio (m/z)

16

Ononis spinosa

Gallic acid

n.d

C₃₈H₄₆O₂₅

n.d

4.8

Protocatechuic acid

Caffeic acid

Coumaric acid

Ferulic acid

10.8

21.9

24.4

24.7

25.7

28.8

31.9

32.1

34.9

4.8

10.8

21.9

24.4

25.7

28.8

31.9

32.1

34.9

6.31

LC

Rutin

Rosmarinic acid

Resveratrol

Quercetin

Kaempferol

Gallic acid

Protocatechuic acid

Caffeic acid

Coumaric acid

Rutin

Rosmarinic acid

Resveratrol

Quercetin

17

Robinia pseudoacacia

n.d

Kaempferol

Quercetin glycoside

18

Sutherlandia

frutescens

903.2404^b[M+H] ⁺

771.1998^b[M+H] ⁺

609.1469^b[M+H] ⁺

1079.2913^b[M+H] ⁺

813.4630^b

[M+H] ⁺

LC-MS

[106]

Quercetin-glycoside

Cycloartanol glycoside

Kaempferol glycoside

C₃₃H₃₈O₂₁

C₂₇H₂₈O₁₆

C₆₆H₄₅O₁₅

C₄₂H₆₈O₁₅

C₃₃H₃₈O₂₀

6.80

7.99

9.01

15.97

7.66

755.2021^b[M+H] ⁺

593.1501^b

[M+H] ⁺

427.1911^b

[M+H] ⁺

23

M.S. Sowe et al.

Chempublish Journal, 9(2) 2025, 1-35

No.

Plant

Molecule

Formulas

Molecular weight

RT (min)

Method of

analysis

References

^a(g/mol);

^bmass-to-

charge ratio (m/z)

Kaempferol glycoside

C₂₇H₂₈O₁₅

8.73

Unknown flavonoid

Excelsanone

C₂₈H₂₆O₄

C₂₀H₁₈O₄

6.66

n.d

19

20

Erythrina excelsa

204.9671^b[M– 2CH₃CO₂]^-

HR-ESI-MS^-

UHPLC-MS

[107]

[96]

Caragana ambigua

Sphalleroside A

Gingerol

(±)-Naringenin

2,6,3',4'-Tetrahydroxy-2-

benzylcoumaranone

Kaempferide

C₁₆H₂₂O₈

C₁₇H₂₆O₄

C₁₅H₁₂O₅

C₁₅H₁₂O₆

341.12^a

293.17^a

271.06^a

287.05^a

9.0

13.16

9.7

9.8

C₁₆H₁₂O₆

C₁₆H₁₂O₅

C₁₆H₁₀O₆

C₂₀H₂₀O₇

C₂₀H₂₀O₆

C₂₁H₂₀O₆

C₇H₆O₅

C₉H₆O₄

C₁₅H₂₂O₅

C₂₃H₂₂O₁₃

299.05^a

10.00

10.573

11.225

12.177

13.118

14.268

1.58

7.485

7.901

9.41

Texasin

283.06^a

8-Methoxycoumestrol

7,8,3',4',5'-Pentamethoxyflavone

Phellodensin D

297.04^a

371.11^a

355.11^a

Aurmillone

367.120^a

170.0216^a

178.0272^a

282.1473^a

506.1083^a

21

Caragana

brachyantha Rech. f

2,4,60-Trihydroxybenzoic acid

7,8-Dihydroxycoumarin

Artemisinin

Quercetin3-(6''-ethyl glucuronide

5,7,4'-Trihydroxy-3'-C-

methylflavone4'-rhamnoside

Texasin

UHPLC-MS

[97]

C₂₂H₂₂O₉

C₁₆H₁₂O₅

C₁₅H₁₂O₅

C₁₆H₁₂O₆

430.1276^a

284.0679^a

272.0683^a

300.042^a

460^a

9.855

10.745

11.285

11.454

7.40

(±)-Naringenin

Kaempferide

22

Senna auriculata (L.) Dimethoxyglycerol Docosyl Ether

Roxb. Mome inositol

C₂₇H₅₆O₅

C₇H₁₄O₆

GC-MS

[98]

194^a

10.76

24

M.S. Sowe et al.

Chempublish Journal, 9(2) 2025, 1-35

No.

Plant

Molecule

Formulas

Molecular weight

RT (min)

Method of

analysis

References

^a(g/mol);

^bmass-to-

charge ratio (m/z)

Octadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1- C₂₁H₄₂O₄

(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester

358

25.34

4.82

5.19

6.44

6.58

7.32

7.83

8.27

n.d

23

Myrocarpus frondosus 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid

C₁₁H₁₂O₄

209.0330^b[M+H] ⁺

283.0606^b

[M-H]^-

UPLC-

HRMS

[103]

Biochanin A

C₁₆H₁₂O₅

267.0674^b

[M-H]^-

Formononetin

C₁₆H₁₂O₄

329.1039^b

[M+H]⁺,

Hydroxy-trimethoxyisoflavone

Trimethoxyisoflavone

C₁₈H₁₆O₆

327.0835^b

[M-H]^-

C₁₈H₁₆O₅

313.1089^b[M+H] ⁺

283.0984^b[M+H] ⁺

273.1131^b[M+H] ⁺

Dimethoxyisoflavone

C₁₇H₁₄O₄

Benzyl 2,5-dimethoxybenzoate

C₁₆H₁₆O₄

24

Abrus

Linn.

precatorius (S)-8-Hydroxy

6,7,

5′- C₁₈H₁₈O₇

C₁₇H₁₆O₇

346.1125^b[M+H] ⁺

333.0965^b[M+H] ⁺

330.3402^b[M+H] ⁺

361.1283^b[M+H] ⁺

HRESI-MS

[108]

trimethoxyisoflavan-1′,4′-quinone

(S)-7,3ˊ-dihydroxy-6,5′-

n.d

dimethoxyisoflavan-1′,4′-quinone

(R)-6,8,5ˊ-trimethoxyisoflavan-1′,4′-

quinone

(R)-6,7,8,3ˊ-tetramethoxyisoflavan-

1′,4′-quinone

C₁₈H₁₈O₆

C₁₉H₂₀O₇

n.d

n.d=Not determinedResults and Discussions

25

M.S. Sowe et al

Chempublish Journal, 9(2) 2025, 1-35

Bioactivity of Fabecease Plants

mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, and 100 mg/mL for the

corresponding

bacterial

strains

[88].

The growing demand for antimicrobial drugs to

fight against pathogenic diseases is being driven

by the evolution of new strains of drug-resistant

Interestingly, the chemical profile of the fraction

indicated the presence of oleanane triterpenoid

and quercetin aglycone compounds.

pathogens.

Drug-resistant pathogens

have

rendered previously effective drugs against

bacteria and parasites ineffective. To keep up

with the surge in pathogenic diseases and to curb

According to Obistioiu et al., R. pseudoacacia

aerial parts ethanol extracts inhibited S.

pyogenes growth at MIC 25 L/mL. High levels of

rutin (a flavonoid) in R. pseudoacacia's aerial

the

spread

of

drug-resistant

pathogens,

alternative approaches to discovering active

molecules against pathogens and parasites

portions

were

ascribed

to

the

plant's

antibacterial properties [89]. Obistioiu and co.

also indicated that the aerial parts extract of M.

officinalis had antibacterial effects against P.

seudomonas aeruginosa (MIC 25 µL/mL). The

should

be

investigated

[83].

Secondary

metabolite plant constituents are evaluated

against cancer cells, bacterial, parasitic, and

antioxidant assays to determine anticancer,

antibacterial, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory,

antibacterial

activity

was

attributed

to

protocatechuic acid in the plant. Some tropical

regions of Africa are home to Erythrina

abyssinica Lam. ex D.C. The herb has anti-

inflammatory,

antiplasmodial, antifungal, anti-HIV 1, and

antidiabetic activities, according to Obakiro et al.

antioxidant,

antimalarial,

and

immunosuppressant properties. The objective is

to explore molecules of important bioactive and

pharmacological effects that could be applied in

pharmaceutical or nutraceutical industries as

antibacterial,

antioxidant,

precursor

molecules.

Until

now,

several

Erythrina abyssinica Lam. Ex.DC. is found in some

tropical parts of Africa. (+)-Erysodine (alkaloid),

Licoagrochalcone A (chalcone), and Indicanine B

(coumarin) have been profiled in the seed, twig,

and root bark extracts of E. abyssinica [90] With

MIC values of 104 g/mL and 5 g/mL, stem bark

DCM extract of E. lysistemon exhibited good

antibacterial activity against S. aureus and S.

epidermidis, according to Sadgrove et al [91], the

DCM extract of E. lysistemon contained isoflavone

derivatives such as Erybraedin A, phaseollidin,

researchers have been investigating the bioactive

efficacy of plant-based extracts for this purpose.

Antibacterial Activity

Acacia ligulata, an Australian traditional medicine

plant used for treating chest infections, was

found to have antibacterial action, according to

Jæger et al [84]. With MIC values of 1000 g/mL for

S. epidermidis and S. aureus and 62.5 g/mL for S.

pyogenes, the ethanol bark extract proved

effective against these bacteria. The bark, leaves,

and seeds of C. ferrea C. Mart. are used in

Brazilian traditional medicine for tea, concoction,

and infusion in treating respiratory conditions

[85]. By microdilution, Luna et al.'s study of

chloroform leaf extract of C. ferrea revealed

activity against S. aureus and B. subtilis at MIC

values of 0.78 mg/mL [86]. they also stated that

terpenes and flavonoids were detected in the

extract. Using an agar well diffusion method with

a MIC of 1.95 mg/mL, Belay et al. demonstrated

the effectiveness of Calpurnia aurea's ethyl

acetate, n-hexane, and DCM leaf extracts against

S. typhi [87] For the ethyl acetate stem bark

fraction of Macrolobium latifolium Vogel, Ferraz et

al [88] demonstrated better antibacterial activity

against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, K. pneumoniae,

and P. mirabilis with MIC of 250 mg/mL, 50

abyssinone

alpumisoflavone,

V-4'methyl

ether,

cristacarpin,

eryzerin

C,

and

lysisteisoflavone.

Finally, Heydari et al. (2019) [92] demonstrated in

a broth dilution test against B. subtilis and E. coli

that the ethyl acetate aerial component extracts

of five species of Lathyrus L., including armenus,

aureus, cilicicus Karaman, laxiflorus subsp.

Laxiflorus,

and

pratensis,

exhibit

some

antibacterial activity [92]. When do Nascimento et

al. tested an ethanol flower extract of S.

macranthera for antibacterial activity, they

discovered modest activity against P. gingivalis at

MIC values of 400 g/mL [93]. The ethyl acetate

fraction of S. macranthera was used to identify

flavones (gallocatechin) and proanthocyanidins

(guibourtinidol-gallocatechin).

Pseudarthria

26

M.S. Sowe et al

Chempublish Journal, 9(2) 2025, 1-35

hookeri whole plant dichloromethane/methanol

extratcs were reported to contain flavonoids by

Dzoyem et al [94]. At a MIC value of 4 g/mL,

trihydroxyisoflavanone

and

-enyl-2,2'-

dimethylpyrano-(6,7),2,4'-dihydroxy-5-methoxy

isoflavane were isoflavonoids that Mboussaah et

al [102] identified from the methanol roots

extract of D. intortum and showed values of 38.9

pseudorflavone

A

and 6-prenylpinocembrin

exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity

against Escherichia coli. In respect to E. coli, K.

pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis, and S.

aureus, pseudorhodopsin A, desmoxyphyllin, 6,7-

±

0.96

methoxycoumaronochromone and (2S)-3'-enyl-

2',2'-dimethyl pyrano-(6,7)2',4'-dihydroxy-5-

μM.

7,4-dihydroxy-6-

(2′′,2′′-dimethylchromano)

prenylpinocembrin, and

demonstrated promising antibacterial action.

flavanone,

boeravinone

6-

L

methoxyisoflavane, respectively, had IC₅₀values

of 49.6 0.62 μM and 39.6 0.82 μM. By expressing

an IC₅₀of 47.4 g/mL, the isoflavones biochanin A

and formononetin that Bottamedi et al [103]

extracted from the ethanol trunk bark extract of

Antioxidant Activity

M.

frondosus

demonstrated

free

radical

The phenolic content of the stem bark methanol

extract of C. cajan (L.) Millsp and antioxidant

activity were found to be correlated, according to

Sinan et al. [95]. The extract's significant

antioxidant activity was detected by a DPPH

radical scavenging experiment, which was 38.41

0.05 mg TE/g. According to Khan et al., the ethyl

acetate extract of C. ambigua's strong radical

scavenging activity (83.32 6.22 mgTE/g) in the

DPPH assay was caused by the extract's high

phenolic (85.87 2.96 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid

contents (66.45 0.37 mg RE/g) contents [96]. Ali et

al. also confirmed high phenolic and flavonoid

contents in C. brachyantha Rech. F [97]. A

relationship was established between TPC and

TFC with antioxidant activity because the ethyl

acetate extract assayed by DPPH showed

antioxidant activity of 77.91±4.96 mgTE/g. The

TPC and TFC of the methanol leaves extract of S.

auriculata (L.) Roxb., which had an IC₅₀of 76.24

mg/mL, may have also contributed to the

extract's ability to scavenge free radicals,

scavenging action. For Król-Grzymała and

Amarowicz [104], their extracted isoflavones

daidzein,

malonylgenistein, daidzin, and genistin from the

seeds extract of G. max L. Merr. expressed radical

scavenging potential in the value of 45.4 ± 0.3

genistein,

malonyldaidzein,

µmol

Trolox/g.

Similar

expressions

were

observed by Rocchetti et al [105] for isolated

anthocyanins from the methanol aerial parts of

A. scabrifolium. An antioxidant potential of 27.30

± 0.56 mg TE/g was reported.

Conclusion

The Fabaceae family comprises species of

considerable

ecological

and

economic

significance. In addition to providing food,

medicine, and shelter, many Fabaceae trees

serve as vital sources of economic value through

their roles as food crops, dye sources, forage and

fodder plants, ornamentals, and timber-yielding

species. This review highlights both conventional

extraction methods—such as maceration and

Soxhlet extraction—and advanced, technology-

driven techniques, including microwave-assisted

extraction, employed in the recovery of

secondary metabolites from Fabaceae plants. We

summarize extract yields obtained from various

plant parts (leaves, roots, bark, stems, and pods),

taking into account the influence of solvent

polarity, extraction duration, and temperature.

The review also identifies key secondary

metabolites isolated from different plant organs,

with flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds

emerging as the predominant constituents.

Notably, flavonoids such as quercetin, myricetin,

and their glycosylated derivatives (e.g., quercetin-

3-O-glucoside and myricetin-3-O-glucoside) are

according

to

Parasathkumar

et

al

[98].

Indrianingsih et al. agreed with Sinan et al [95]

and Ali et al [97] by suggesting low phenolic

content in the methanol flower extract of C.

ternatea was responsible for the poor radical

scavenging activity of the extract by showing IC₅₀

of 800 μg/mL [99].

Haidara and Al-Oqail [100] indicated that rutin

and quercetin ethyl acetate fraction of C. italica

exhibited about 100% antioxidant capacity in

DPPH. According to Kurt-Celep et al [101], rutin

from the methanol aerial portions of A.

campylosema has antioxidant activity ranging

from 47.13 to 48.10 mg TE/g. Enyl-2,2'-

dimethylpyrano-(6,7),5,2',4'-

27

M.S. Sowe et al

Chempublish Journal, 9(2) 2025, 1-35

[3].

[4].

USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National

Plant Germplasm System. 2023. Germplasm

Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy).

National Germplasm Resources Laboratory,

Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://npgsweb.ars-

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