Article

Modification of ZnO/Perlite for Methylene Blue Photodegradation

Burhanudin^1*, Tien Setyaningtyas², Kapti Riyani³

^1,2,3Department of Chemistry, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Banyumas, Indonesia

Abstract

Waste disposal in the growing industry causes pollution caused by pollutants. One of them is liquid waste

from the textile industry which contains toxic dyes such as methylene blue which is difficult to decompose

in the environment. Therefore, efforts are needed to overcome these problems by using photocatalysis.

Photocatalyst materials that are often used are semiconducting metal oxides such as ZnO. However, ZnO

semiconductors still have limitations in their application. To overcome these limitations, the ZnO catalyst

will be modified with supporting materials such as perlite which is a lightweight and porous material. The

synthesis method used in this research is impregnation. Impregnation is one of the methods in catalyst

preparation which is done by adsorbing the active component of the metal in solution to the solid of the

carrier. The purpose is to fill the pores of the carrier with a metal salt solution of a certain concentration.

This research aims to test the effectiveness of ZnO/Perlite in degrading methylene blue. ZnO/Perlite

composite with 20% composition showed the highest photocatalytic activity compared to ZnO/Perlite

composite with 10% and 30% composition. The optimum condition of 20% ZnO/Perlite in degrading

methylene blue was achieved at a mass of 0.3 g under pH 11 conditions, and stirring for 2 hr with ultraviolet

light irradiation, and produced a photocatalytic activity of 47.59% and combined adsorption and

photocatalytic activity of 78.1%. XRD analysis shows the characteristic wurtzite-structured ZnO crystal

peaks at (100), (002), (101), (102), (110), (103), and (112), while the 2θ diffraction angle (10°−30°) indicates

the amorphous nature of perlite. DRS results show 20% ZnO/Perlite which has a band gap value of 3.21

eV.

Keywords: : Floating photocatalyst, Semiconductor, Methylene blue; ZnO/Perlite

Graphical Abstract

*

Corresponding author

Email addresses: udinburhan0901@gmail.com

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22437/chp.v8i2.37550

Received October 09^th2024; Accepted December 20^th2024; Available online December 31^st2024

(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 )

65

Chempublish Journal, 8(2) 2024, 65-74

Introduction

recycle, easily agglomerate, and cause separation

problems from the solution. To overcome these

limitations, much attention has been paid to

developing modified ZnO catalysts [6].

Waste disposal in the growing industry causes

pollution by various kinds of pollutants that are

harmful to organisms and the environment. One

of the pollutants that pollute the environment is

liquid waste from the textile industry which still

contains various dyes that have toxic effects on

humans [1]. Textile dyes usually use synthetic

dyes, one example is methylene blue which is

often used in the textile industry. Figure 1 shows

the structure of methylene blue which is a type of

Recently, several studies have developed a new

concept of "floating photocatalyst" which is a

photocatalyst synthesized on the surface of a

floatable substrate. One of the substrates that

can float and can be used as a supporting

material for ZnO catalysts is perlite. Perlite is a

lightweight and porous material that is expected

to increase adsorption power. In addition, perlite

also has the ability as a floating substrate that can

overcome the problem of separation in

photocatalyst results so that it is expected to

increase the photocatalytic activity of ZnO.

Research by Ngaha et al. [7] has proven that TiO₂

photocatalyst supported with perlite is able to

degrade thiamethoxam in aqueous solution by

87% for 270 minutes. Therefore, in this study,

ZnO photocatalyst is used which will be modified

with perlite so that it can be applied to the

degradation of methylene blue dye.

cationic

heterocyclic

aromatic

complex

compound that has a benzene structure that is

difficult to break down in the environment [2].

Therefore, it is necessary to make an effort to

overcome the problem of dye waste pollution.

Figure 1. Chemical structure of methylene blue [3]

One way that can be done to overcome dye waste

Material and Methods

is

materials have the ability to degrade organic

compounds and pollutants contained in

by

using

photocatalysis.

Photocatalyst

Materials and Instrumentations

industrial wastewater. A photocatalyst material is

able to accelerate the rate of oxidation and

reduction reactions through photochemical

reactions. Photocatalyst materials that are often

used are metal oxide semiconductor materials

[4]. Examples of metal oxide semiconductor

materials include TiO₂, CuO, ZnO and Fe₂O₃. In

this study, ZnO received great attention because

of its role as a photocatalyst so that it can be

applied to the dye photodegradation process.

Perlite, methylene blue, distilled water (ddH₂O),

ZnO powder, ethanol (C₂H₅OH) absolute for

analysis, nitric acid (HNO₃) 1 M, hydrochloric acid

(HCl) 1 M, and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 1 M.

Spectrophotometer

SHIMADZU, X-Ray

UV-Vis

Diffration

type

UV-1601

(XRD)

type

PANalytical Xpert MPD, and Diffuse Reflectance

Spectroscopy (DRS) type Perkin Elmer UV-Vis

Lambda 365.

Methods

Research by Bemis et al. [5] has proven that ZnO

photocatalyst modified with activated carbon can

degrade rhodamine B dye by 86.838%. Although

modified ZnO semiconductor is widely used for

its high photocatalytic activity, non-toxicity and

cheapness, current interest is much more

focused on the synthesis of new photocatalysts

to overcome its limitations in applications. Some

of those limitations are modified ZnO is always in

powder form, it always sinks or gets suspended

into the solution which decreases the light

utilization rate, ZnO powders are difficult to

Preparation of Pertile. Perlite preparation refers to

research [8]. The perlite was weighed as much as

50 g then washed with 1 L of distilled water and

stirred for 12 hr at room temperature with the

help of a magnetic strirrer. Furthermore, perlite

was filtered using filter paper with the help of a

vacuum pump. After that, the filtered perlite was

dried in an oven at 105ºC for 8 hr. After the perlite

is dry, it is sieved using a 120-mesh sieve and the

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Chempublish Journal, 8(2) 2024, 65-74

sieve results are stored in a polypropylene

container.

= bx + a. The value of “a” shows the constant or

cut-off point of y, while the value of “b” shows the

coefficient

of

regression.

This

regression

Synthesis and Activation of ZnO/Perlite Composite.

The synthesis of ZnO/Perlite composites refers to

research [8]. ZnO/Perlite composites will be

synthesized with 10, 20 and 30% composition.

The synthesis was carried out by dispersing ZnO

powder in ethanol. Then HNO₃with pH 3.5 was

added to the solution. Furthermore, the solution

was sonicated for 15 min, then stirred using a

magnetic stirrer for 30 min, in the process added

perlite that has been prepared in the previous

stage gradually as much as 10 g. After that, the

mixture obtained was filtered using a magnetic

stirrer. After that, the mixture obtained was

filtered and allowed to evaporate at room

temperature for 20 min to evaporate excess

ethanol. Furthermore, the results of the filtration

process were calcined at 450 ^oC for 30 min using

a furnace. After that, the powder obtained was

cooled and washed using distilled water. Then

the results obtained were dehydrated at 120^oC in

the oven for 24 hr, after the synthesis results

were obtained, they were immediately packaged

and stored in polypropylene containers. To

equation will be used to determine the

concentration of the degraded methylene blue

sample. The process of making a calibration

curve is done by measuring the absorbance of

the methylene blue standard solution with a

concentration variation of 0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 2.5

and 3.0 ppm using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer

at the maximum wavelength.

Determination of Optimum Mass of ZnO/Perlite

Composite. ZnO/Perlite that has been synthesized

with different compositions, each weighed with a

mass variation of 0.1; 0.2; 0.3; 0.4; and 0.5 g. Then

put into an erlenmyer containing 50 mL of

methylene blue solution with a concentration of

10 ppm. Furthermore, the solution was stirred

using a magnetic stirrer for 5 hr with each in the

dark and in a state illuminated by an ultraviolet

lamp with a power of 20 Watts. Then the

suspension was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15

minutes and the supernatant obtained was

measured for absorbance with

a

UV-Vis

spectrophotometer at the maximum wavelength

of methylene blue. Then the percentage value of

degradation for each treatment was calculated.

The following formula was used to calculate the

percentage degradation value (Equation 1).

synthesize

10,

20

and

30%

ZnO/Perlite

composites require 1, 2 and 3 g of ZnO powder.

Ethanol required 36, 72 and 108 mL, while HNO₃

required 3, 6 and 9 mL..

C

−C

o

Determination of The Maximum Wavelength of

Methylene Blue. Determination of the maximum

%D =

× 100% ..........................................(1)

C

o

wavelength

is

done

by

measuring

the

Description:

absorbance of methylene blue solution. The first

step is to make a standard solution of methylene

blue 1000 ppm from methylene blue powder

dissolved in 100 mL of distilled water. Then made

a standard solution of methylene blue with a

concentration variation of 0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 2.5

and 3.0 ppm by diluting the standard solution of

methylene blue 1000 ppm. Methylene blue

standard solution with a concentration of 3.0

ppm was measured for absorbance in the range

of 400 − 800 nm. The wavelength with the highest

absorbance will be used in this study.

%D = Percent degradation

C_O= Initial concentration of methylene blue

C = Methylene blue concentration at t hr

Determination of Optimum pH of ZnO/Perlite

Composite. ZnO/Perlite was put into an erlenmyer

containing 50 mL of methylene blue solution with

a concentration of 10 ppm using the optimum

mass on the composite that has the highest

photocatalytic work activity. Furthermore, HCl or

NaOH solution was added to adjust the pH point

with pH variations of 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11. Then the

solution was stirred using a magnetic stirrer for 5

hr with each in the dark and in a state illuminated

by an ultraviolet lamp with a power of 20 Watts.

Then the suspension was centrifuged at 3000

rpm for 15 min and the supernatant obtained

Determination of Methylene Blue Calibration Curve.

The calibration curve is made by plotting

between the concentration (x) and absorbance

(y) so as to obtain a linear regression equation y

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Chempublish Journal, 8(2) 2024, 65-74

was measured for absorbance with a UV-Vis

spectrophotometer at the maximum wavelength

of methylene blue. Then the percentage value of

degradation was calculated according to formula

(1) for each treatment.

ZnO/Perlite photocatalyst has been successfully

synthesized. In the Figure 2 presented the results

of the characterization of the 20% ZnO/Perlite

composite.

Characterization of XRD. The 20% ZnO/Perlite

composite was characterized using XRD to

determine the crystal phase formed through the

diffractogram with the appearance of specific 2θ

diffraction angle peaks. Figure 3 shows the XRD

diffractogram pattern of the 20% ZnO/Perlite

composite.

Determination of Optimum Time of ZnO/Perlite

Composite. ZnO/Perlite was put into an erlenmyer

containing 50 mL of methylene blue solution with

a concentration of 10 ppm using the optimum

mass on the composite that has the highest

photocatalytic work activity and optimum pH

conditions. Furthermore, the solution was stirred

using a magnetic stirrer with each in the dark and

in a state illuminated by an ultraviolet lamp with

a power of 20 Watts for a time variation of 1, 2, 3,

4, and 5 hr. Then the suspension was centrifuged

at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes and the supernatant

obtained was measured for absorbance with a

UV-Vis spectrophotometer at the maximum

wavelength of methylene blue. Then the

percentage value of degradation was calculated

according to formula (1) for each treatment

Results and Discussions

Figure 3. XRD diffractogram of 20% ZnO/Perlite

Synthesis

composite.

and

activation

of

ZnO/Perlite

composite

The diffractogram pattern (Figure 3) of 2θ

diffraction angles from 10^oto 30^oshows the

characteristics of perlite as an amorphous

material. According to research by Almeida et al.

[9], states that these characteristics when the

calcination process at high temperatures is able

to maintain the characteristics of the material

without the crystallinity process. The diffraction

peaks at 2θ values of 31.68^o(100), 34.35^o(002),

36.23^o(101), 47.45^o(102), 56.58^o(110), 62.75^o

(103), dan 67.97^o(112) are the most intense XRD

peaks, which indicates the characteristics of ZnO

crystals which have a wurtzite structure or a

structure that has a hexagonal shape. This is in

accordance with the research of Kumar et al. [10],

which states that these peaks are in accordance

with the results mentioned in the literature [11]

that ZnO has a wurtzite structure. Thus, the

results of the analysis can be concluded that the

ZnO/Perlite composite has been successfully

synthesized.

The synthesized ZnO/Perlite composites can be

seen in Figure 2, where the three composites are

powdered and white in color, indicating that the

synthesis of ZnO/Perlite composites has been

successfully carried out. ZnO/Perlite composites

that have been synthesized at the previous stage

will be characterized using XRD and DRS

instruments.

10%

20%

30%

Figure 2. ZnO/Perlite composites (10%, 20%,

30%)

The 20% ZnO/Perlite composite gives optimal

results compared to 10 and 30%, so it needs to

be further characterized to know that the

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Chempublish Journal, 8(2) 2024, 65-74

Characterization of DRS. The 20% ZnO/Perlite

composite was characterized using DRS to

determine the band gap energy of ZnO. The

amount of band gap energy produced will affect

the performance of the ZnO material in exciting

electrons from the valence band to the

conduction band. Figure 4 shows the DRS

wavelength and absorbance of the 20%

ZnO/Perlite composite. The spectrum that has

been obtained is then calculated using the Tauc

Plot method to determine the band gap energy

of the 20% ZnO/Perlite composite. Figure 4

shows the graph of the relationship between hv

and (Ahv)².

spectrum

of

the

relationship

between

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Figure 4. The graph of Tauc Plot calculation of 20% ZnO/Perlite composite

Based on the analysis method, the band gap

energy of the 20% ZnO/Perlite composite is 3.21

eV. The band gap energy obtained has decreased

compared to the band gap energy of the pure

ZnO sample which is 3.37 eV [12]. This is due to

the addition of perlite material in the ZnO

structure so as to form a new band gap energy

that will give the ability of ZnO to absorb light at

a smaller energy. The smaller the band gap

energy value, the ability to excite electrons from

the valence band to the conduction band

becomes easier [13]. Based on the results of this

analysis, it can prove that the ZnO/Perlite

composite has been successfully synthesized.

The maximum wavelength of methylene blue. The

maximum wavelength is obtained from the

relationship curve between wavelength and

absorbance [14]. Determination of the maximum

wavelength is done to determine the specific

maximum wavelength where the dye can absorb

light radiation optimally.

Figure 5. Maximum wavelength graph of methylene blue

Based on the graph in Figure 5, the maximum

wavelength of methylene blue is 664.6 nm. The

maximum wavelength of the methylene blue

solution obtained will be used to measure the

69

Absorbance

Wavelength (nm)

Tauc Plot

20% ZnO/Perlite

9.0x10⁷

6.0x10⁷

3.0x10⁷

0.0

2.8

2.9

3.0

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

(Ahv)²

(eV)²

hv (eV)

20% ZnO/Perlite

3.21 eV

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Chempublish Journal, 8(2) 2024, 65-74

absorbance of the degradation of methylene

blue solution.

obtained in each composite is 0.4; 0.3; and 0.2 g,

respectively. The difference in the results of

determining the optimum mass is related to the

difference in the composition of ZnO used in

each composite. This is because ZnO functions as

Methylene blue calibration curve.

The calibration curve is a relationship curve

between the concentration and absorbance of

the solution. The process of making a methylene

blue solution calibration curve is done by

measuring the absorbance of methylene blue

standard solution at various concentrations,

namely 0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 2.5 and 3.0 ppm at a

maximum wavelength of 664.6 nm.

a

catalyst in the degradation process of

methylene blue compounds, the greater the

composition of ZnO used, the smaller the

optimum mass that will be obtained in the

degradation process [15]. Among the three

composites that have been tested, it can be seen

that the 20% ZnO/Perlite composite has the

highest photocatalytic activity.

These results are slightly different from research

conducted by Silva et al. [8] on different

composites,

which

states

that

the

30%

TiO₂/Perlite composite gives better results than

the 10% TiO₂/Perlite composite, because it is able

to degrade remazol red by 100%. The difference

in results is due to the different masses used in

the study. Based on the observation (Figure 7), it

can be seen that the degradation activity value of

Figure 6. Calibration curve of methylene blue

standard solution

photocatalytic

increases with the increase in the number of

ZnO/Perlite composites. This is because

ZnO/Perlite as photocatalyst helps the

activity

in

each

composite

Based on Figure 6, the calibration curve of

methylene blue standard solution shows a

straight line with a correlation coefficient (R²)

value of 0.9997 which is close to the value of 1.

There is a linear relationship between the

concentration and absorbance of the solution.

The linear regression equation obtained is y =

0.2077x + 0.0011.

a

methylene blue degradation process and causes

the degradation process to take place faster.

However, as the mass of ZnO/Perlite composite

added increases, it causes a decrease in the

activity of photocatalytic activity after reaching its

optimum mass. This is due to the unbalanced

amount of ZnO/Perlite composites with the

energy of the UV light provided so that it causes

not the maximum electron excitation process

from the valence band to the conduction band so

that it affects the reduced number of products in

the form of hydroxyl radicals (OH•) which act as

degrading agents [5].

The

optimum

mass

of

the

ZnO/Perlite

composite.

Based on the observation (Figure 7), the optimum

photocatalytic activity of 10; 20; and 30%

ZnO/Perlite composites were 14.43; 22.48; and

18.21%, respectively. While the optimum mass

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Chempublish Journal, 8(2) 2024, 65-74

Figure 7. Graph of mass effect of (a) 10% (b) 20% (c) 30% ZnO/Perlite on methylene blue degradation

The optimum pH of the ZnO/Perlite composite.

ions that react with holes (h⁺) in the valence band

form more and more hydroxyl radicals (OH•). The

more hydroxyl radicals (OH•) that are formed, the

more methylene blue is degraded [16]. Hydroxyl

radicals (OH•) are strong oxidizers which in this

study are useful for oxidizing methylene blue dye

Based on the observation (Figure 8), it can be

seen that the value of photocatalytic activity on

the 20% ZnO/Perlite composite increases as the

pH value increases. This is because the increase

in the pH value of the solution causes the

concentration of OH⁻ions, to increase so that OH^-

+

−

into NH₄, SO₂, CO₂, and H₂O compunds [17].

Figure 8. Graph of pH effect of 20% ZnO/Perlite on methylene blue degradation

In theory, the surface of ZnO above pH 9 (alkaline

conditions) is negatively charged so that

positively charged dyes will be more easily

adsorbed on the ZnO surface during alkaline

conditions [18]. Here is the reaction equation 2

that occurs when ZnO is in alkaline conditions.

ZnOH + OH⁻→ ZnO⁻+ H₂O ......................... (2)

Based on the reaction equation (2), it can be seen

that the ZnO surface is deprotonated under

alkaline conditions so that the product is ZnO

which has a negatively charged surface [19]. In

(a)

(b)

(c)

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Chempublish Journal, 8(2) 2024, 65-74

this study, methylene blue is one of the positively

charged dyes (cation) so that the methylene blue

photodegradation process using 20% ZnO/Perlite

composite is effective in alkaline conditions,

namely at pH 11 with a photocatalytic activity of

36.4%. This result is different from the research

conducted by Silva et al. [8] on a different

composite, which states that the 30% TiO₂/Perlite

composite can degrade remazol red by 100% at

pH 5 conditions. The difference in these results is

due to the different dyes used in the study.

because the longer the radiation causes the

longer the contact time between photons and the

ZnO/Perlite photocatalyst. The more electrons

that experience excitation from the valence band

to the conduction band, the more superoxide

radicals (O₂•⁻) will be formed which function as

reductants and hydroxyl radicals (OH•) which

function as oxidizers in the methylene blue

degradation process [20]. However, as time

increases, the value of photocatalytic activity in

each composite decreases when it has reached

its optimum time. This occurs due to the electron

recombination process in which the electrons

that have been excited to the conduction band

will return to the valence band so that no species

or pair of holes (h⁺) and electron (e⁻) is produced

as a trigger for the hydroxyl radical (OH•)

formation reaction [5].

The optimum time of the ZnO/Perlite composite.

Based on the observation (Figure 9), it can be

seen that the value of degradation activity in light

conditions on the 20% ZnO/Perlite composite

increases with increasing radiation time. This is

Figure 9. Graph of time effect of 20% ZnO/Perlite on methylene blue degradation

Based on the test results from the determination

of the optimum time that has been carried out, it

shows that the optimum time used in the 20%

ZnO/Perlite

composite

is

2

hr

with

a

photocatalytic activity of 47.59%. This result is

similar to research conducted by Silva et al. [8] on

a different composite, which states that the 30%

TiO₂/Perlite composite can degrade remazol red

by 100% within 2 hr. The similarity of these

results is likely due to TiO₂ and ZnO having the

degrading methylene blue with a mass of 0.3 g

under pH 11 conditions for 2 hr of stirring under

ultraviolet irradiation with

a

photocatalytic

activity of 47.59% and a combined adsorption

and photocatalytic activity of 78.1%. XRD results

indicate the characteristics of ZnO crystals which

have a wurtzite structure, as well as the

characteristics of perlite as an amorphous

material. Supported by DRS results show that it

has a band gap value of 3.21 eV.

same band gap energy.

Acknowledgement

Conclusions

This research supported by Department of

Chemistry, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman.

The 20% ZnO/Perlite composite has the most

optimum

photocatalytic

work

activity

in

73

Chempublish Journal, 8(2) 2024, 65-74

Author Contibutions

10.5004/dwt.2019.24402.

[8]

[9]

N. Silva, E. D. Júnior, J. Almeida, E. Dias, S.

Conceptualization, B. and T.S.; Methodology, B.;

Validation, B., T.S. and K.R.; Formal Analysis, B.;

Investigation, B.; Resources, T.S. and K.R.; Data

Curation, B.; Writing – Original Draft Preparation,

B.; Writing – Review & Editing, B.; Visualization, B.;

Supervision, T.S. and K.R.; Project Administration,

B.; Funding Acquisition, T.S. and K.R.

Silva,

and

N.

Fernandes.

(2019).

“Experimental Design for Optimization of

The Photocatalytic Degradation Process of

The

TiO₂/Expanded Perlite Composite”. Environ.

Technol., (0): 1–29.

10.1080/09593330.2019.1672794.

Remazol

Red

Dye

by

The

0

J. M. F. Almeida, D. Silva, J. E. Damasceno,

and N. S. Fernandes. (2018). “Modification

Conflict of Interest

of

Expanded

Perlite

with

There are no significant conflicts

Orthophenanthroline for Formation of

Active Sites for Acid Dyes: Preparation and

Characterization”. Period. Tche Quim., 15:

338–344.

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