Article

The Formulation of a Body Scrub Combining Sweet Orange Peel (Citrus x sinensis

L.) and Coconut Dregs (Cocos nucifera L.) as an Antioxidant

Habieb Riziek¹, Ghery Arrahman², Anita Savitri³, Zahara⁴, Risa Hanifah⁵

Indri Maharini^6*, M. Rifqi Efendi⁷

^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7}Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Jambi, Jambi, 36361, Indonesia

Abstract

The sweet orange peel (Citrus x sinensis L.) possesses antioxidant properties that can be harnessed for developing a

pharmaceutical preparation based on natural ingredients, particularly in skin care products such as body scrubs.

Meanwhile, coconut pulp (Cocos nucifera L.) has a textural quality that lends itself to use as a scrubbing agent, capable

of removing dead skin cells. This study aimed to ascertain the antioxidant activity of body scrub formulations with

varying concentrations of extract. The results of the phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids,

flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenoids. Three formulations of body scrub were prepared, designated FI (1.25%

extract), FII (2.5% extract), and FIII (5% extract). The results of the physical tests demonstrated that the organoleptic,

pH, spreadability, and adhesion tests met the requisite standards. In the antioxidant activity test with the DPPH

reagent, the IC50 value of each formula is as follows: The results demonstrated that the IC₅₀value of each formula

was 7.28 ppm (very strong) for FI, 11.839 ppm (very strong) for FII, and 17.354 ppm (very strong) for FIII.

Keywords: Antioxidant, body scrub, coconut pulp, sweet orange

Graphical Abstract

*

Corresponding author

Email addresses: indri.maharini@unja.ac.id

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22437/chp.v8i2.38181

Received November 01^st2024; Accepted December 23^rd2024; Available online December 31^st2024

(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 )

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Chempublish Journal, 8(2) 2024, 90-100

Introduction

Another natural ingredient that can be utilized in

the formulation of body scrub preparations is

coconut pulp (Cocos nucifera L.). Coconut pulp is

a source of gluten-free protein that is low in fat

and can moisturize the skin. The nutritional

composition of coconut pulp includes 5.78%

protein, 38.24% fat, and 15.07% crude fibre. The

coarse grains in coconut pulp can be used as a

scrub to remove dead skin cells [8].

The skin is the body's outermost layer, protecting

against external influences, particularly on

tissues and organs. Any damage to the skin will

impact

human

aesthetics,

health,

and

appearance [1]. The primary causes of skin

damage are ultraviolet (UV) exposure and

exposure to pollution containing free radicals [2].

Implementing particular skin care regimens is

imperative to circumvent damage caused by free

radical compounds from sun exposure and other

factors [3]. Such processes may be facilitated

through the use of cosmetic preparations.

Based on literature research, researchers are

interested in developing the potential of orange

peel and coconut pulp for several reasons. First,

orange peels have high antioxidant activity based

on their IC₅₀value. Second, high antioxidant

activity can ward off free radicals, thus

preventing damage to the skin. Third, the texture

of coconut pulp, which tends to be rough, makes

this material suitable as a scrubbing agent rather

than synthetic materials, which are quite

expensive, and no research discusses the

combination of sweet orange peels and coconut

pulp as a body scrub. This research is expected

to reduce and manage organic waste in other

forms and emphasize using natural ingredients

with antioxidant and exfoliating benefits, which

are the main points of body scrubs and help

develop the concept of natural ingredient-based

skin care products currently trending.

Cosmetics are substances or mixtures applied to

the external surfaces of the human body or the

teeth and mucous membranes with the intention

of cleansing, imparting a fragrant sensation,

providing

protection,

or

enhancing

the

appearance of specific body parts [4]. Based on

research on literature, there has been a notable

increase in awareness regarding the significance

of skin health, which has led to a considerable

rise

in

demand

for

cosmetic

products,

particularly those designed for skin care. One of

the cosmetic dosage forms utilized in the domain

of skin care is the body scrub. A body scrub is a

liquid or semi-solid emulsion preparation that

provides moisture, restores skin softness, and

removes dead skin cell impurities caused by

external exposure, such as free radicals from

sunlight [5].

Material and Methods

Materials and Instrumentations

Developing body scrub dosage formulations

using natural ingredients containing antioxidant

compounds can be an alternative to prevent skin

damage. Sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis L.)

contains flavonoid compounds with antioxidant,

anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties.

These activities avoid skin damage, such as

inflammation and premature ageing [6]. Based

on research conducted on sweet orange peel

(Citrus sinensis L.), flavonoid content and

antioxidant activity were found in it. The IC₅₀test

results on sweet orange peel extract showed an

IC₅₀value of 18.792 ppm, which showed

antioxidant activity in the strong category. Other

studies have shown that sweet orange peels also

contain vitamin C. Therefore, sweet orange peel

extract has the potential to be developed into

cosmetic preparations [7].

Sweet orange peel (Citrus x sinensis L.) collected

from Citrus Distributor in Cempaka Putih, Jambi

City, Indonesia. This study's coconut pulp (Cocos

nucifera L.) was taken from the Santan Squeeze

Shop in Kasang Pudak, Muaro Jambi Regency,

Indonesia. The chemicals used were distilled

water, 96% ethanol and methanol p.a (PT.

Kisbiokim), Triethanolamine (PETRONAS), Cethyl

Alcohol (Emercol®), Methyl Paraben and Propyl

Paraben (Ueno®), Propylene Glycol (Hi-Tech

Spring), Stearic Acid (PT. Wilmar), Oleum citri (PT.

Kimia Jaya Labora). For reagents used are DPPH

(Sigma Aldrich), Mayer (PT. Kimia Jaya Labora),

Dragendorff (PT. Kimia Jaya Labora), Sulfuric Acid

(PT. Kimia Jaya Labora), Anhydrous Acetic Acid

(Mahavero Chems), FeCl₃1% (PT. Kimia Jaya

Labora), NaOH 10% (PT. Kimia Jaya Labora) and

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Chempublish Journal, 8(2) 2024, 90-100

Chloroform (PT. Kimia Jaya Labora). Tools were

prepared, such as beaker glass (Iwaki®), stirring

rod, drop pipette, Sudip, mortar, stamper,

porcelain cup, analytical balance (Pioneer™),

water bath (Memmert®), rotary evaporator

(Büchi Rotavapor R-114®), adhesion test kit, petri

dish, weights (50 gs, 100 g and 1000 g), UV-Vis

spectrophotometry.

cleaning the coconut dregs from visible

impurities. Then, the coconut pulp was washed

thoroughly to remove the remnants of invisible

impurities and other residues. After that, the

sample is then roasted in a pan to dry while

maintaining the colour of the coconut pulp,

which is still white and not brownish.

Sweet Orange Peel Extraction and Phytochemical

Screening. The extraction process was carried out

using the maceration method and ethanol

solvent, and dry simplisia orange peels that had

been mashed were weighed as much as 500 g.

The maceration process was carried out with the

ratio between simplisia powder and solvent at

1:10 (%w/v). Simplisia was macerated for 4 x 24

hrs and routinely shaken once a day. After that,

the results of maceration, called the macerate,

are then filtered and evaporated with a rotary

evaporator until a thick extract is obtained and

phytochemical screening is carried out, which

includes alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins,

and triterpenoids [10].

Methods

Preparation of Citrus x sinensis Peel Extract. Sweet

orange peels are taken from orange ice vendors

or businesses that use sweet orange fruit. The

sorting process involves criteria like smooth,

shiny, and firm orange peels. After sorting, the

peels were washed with running water to remove

impurities. The orange peel waste obtained is

thinly sliced and dried at 60^oC for 24 hr. The dried

orange peels were pulverized using a blender [9],

[10].

Preparation of Cocos nucifera Dregs. The coconut

dregs (Cocos nucifera) simplisia was prepared by

Table 1. Formulas Body Scrub

Quantity % (w/w)

Functionality

Formulas

K-

-

FI

1.25

FII

2.5

FIII

5

Ethanol Extract of Orange Peel

Sweet

Active ingredient

Coconut Dregs

4

Scrubbing agent

Emulsifier

Rice Starch

6

Stearic Acid

15

5

15

5

15

5

15

5

Cethyl Alcohol

Propilen Glikol

Trietanolamin

Gliserin

Base

10

3

10

3

10

3

10

3

Humectant

Emulsifier

5

Humectant

Preservative

Fragrance

Methyl Paraben

Prophyl Paraben

0.20

0.02

0.20

0.02

0.20

0.02

0.20

0.02

1 mL

Oleum citri

Aquadest

1 mL

Add

100

1 mL

Add

100

1 mL

Add

100

Add 100 Solvent

Preparation of the Body Scrub. The preparation of

the body scrub entails the mixing of the oil phase

and water phase in a heated mortar. The

ingredients of the oil phase (stearic acid and cetyl

alcohol) and the water phase (propylene glycol,

propylparaben, methylparaben, triethanolamine,

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Chempublish Journal, 8(2) 2024, 90-100

and glycerin) were weighed. Subsequently,

previously weighed, the oil and water phases are

placed in separate porcelain dishes and heated

with a water bath at a temperature of ±75°C until

complete melting occurs. Once the oil phase has

melted, it should be placed in a hot mortar, and

the water phase should be added gradually until

wavelength of 500 - 550 nm. The test sample

used is the extract weighed as much as 100 mg,

added methanol p.a as much as 100 mL, and

then vortexed. From the stock solution, 10, 20,

30, 40, and 50 ppm concentrations were taken,

and methanol was added until the limit mark.

DPPH solution was pipetted as much as 4 mL and

put into a volumetric flask. Then, the test solution

in various concentration series that have been

prepared is added to as much as 1 mL. The

mixture was then allowed to stand for 30 min at

37^oC, and the absorbance was read using UV-Vis

a

homogeneous

mixture

is

formed.

Subsequently, the hot water should be added

gradually until a cream phase is formed. Once

the cream has been formed, it should be cooled

and combined with rice starch and coconut pulp

until a homogeneous mixture is achieved.

Subsequently, the ethanol extract of orange peel

should be added gradually until a homogeneous

mixture is formed. Once the mixture has reached

a homogeneous consistency, the oleum citri can

be added [11].

Spectrophotometry

wavelength [13].

with

the

maximum

The percentage of antioxidant activity and value

is calculated based on the ratio between the

sample solution and its interaction with the DPPH

reagent using equation 1.

Physical Quality Test of Body Scrub Preparation.

The purpose of conducting physical quality

testing of body scrub preparations is to ensure

that the body scrub formula meets the specified

requirements and is suitable for application to

the skin. Physical quality tests were conducted,

including organoleptic analysis, spreadability

assessment, adhesion evaluation, and pH

measurement. Organoleptic testing is carried out

by looking at the body scrub in terms of colour,

odour and texture and comparing it with other

formulas. Spreadability testing is carried out by

placing the preparation on a petri dish and

covering it with a petri dish, then giving it a weight

A

−A

Blanko

% Inhibition =

^Sample× 100% ................(1)

A

Blanko

Notes:

A_Blanko= Absorbance Blanko

A_Sample= Sample Absorbance

Concurrently, the IC₅₀value is calculated through

a linear regression analysis of the sample

concentration concerning the percentage of

inhibition. The following equation was derived:

푦 = 푎푥 + 푏 ............................................................(2)

and

measuring

the

spreading

diameter.

Antioxidant Activity of Body Scrub. In testing the

antioxidant activity of body scrub, a 100 mg

sample was weighed and then diluted with 100

mL methanol p.a. Then, the concentration value

of the extract contained in the body scrub was

calculated. Based on the calculation results, FI

has a concentration variation of 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, 5,

and 6.25 ppm. In FII, the concentration variations

used in the test are 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 ppm.

For FIII, the concentration variations used were 5,

10, 15, 20, and 25 ppm. All concentrations were

measured, and the per cent inhibition was

calculated to determine the IC₅₀value.

Adhesion testing is carried out by placing the

preparation on an adhesion test tool and then

calculating the time until the glass plate on the

tool separates. pH measurements are carried out

using a pH meter, where the body scrub is first

diluted with distilled water, then the electrode is

dipped to determine the pH of the body scrub

made [12].

Determination of Antioxidant Activity. DPPH

solution is prepared by weighing DPPH crystals

and dissolved with methanol p.a in a measuring

flask. In the determination, as much as 5 mg of

DPPH was weighed with a solvent volume of 100

mL to obtain

concentration of 50 ppm. DPPH solution at a

concentration of 50 ppm was read at

Hedonic and Irritation Test. Hedonic testing uses

panellists to assess the body scrub preparations

based on aroma, colour, and texture suitability.

The number of respondents who will be the

a

DPPH solution with

a

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Chempublish Journal, 8(2) 2024, 90-100

panellists in the hedonic test is 20 people.

Panelists will give a score of 1-5, with the number

1 (one) being very disliked and 5 (five) meaning

very like [14]. [14]. Meanwhile, the irritation test

was carried out to determine the level of

irritation caused when the preparation was

applied to the skin. Tests were carried out for 0,

24, 48, and 72 hr, and the level of irritation was

seen on a scale of 1-5, where number 1 (one)

indicates severe irritation and number 5 (five)

indicates no irritation [15].

Results and Discussions

Secondary Metabolites of Extracts

The extract obtained has a percentage of

27.114%. Based on the Indonesian Herbal

Pharmacopoeia, a good extract has a percentage

above 7.5%, which is declared to meet the

requirements [16]. Phytochemical testing was

carried out on the ethanol extract of sweet

orange peel, and the results were obtained in the

following Table 2.

Table 2. Phytochemical Screening Result of Ethanol Extract of Sweet Orange Peel

Secondary Metabolites

Alkaloids

Reagent

Mayer

Dragendorf

H₂SO₄

FeCl₃1%

Results

Positive

Negative

Positive

Flavonoids

Saponins

Tannin

Triterpenoid

Aquadest

FeCl₃1%

CHCl₃+ C₄H₆O₃+ H₂SO₄

Organoleptical of Body Scrub.

In the odour of body scrub, it was found that both

K-, FI, FII, and FIII preparations had a distinctive

smell, namely the fragrance of citrus. This is due

to the addition of oleum citri, which gives the

sensation of citrus fragrance and helps cover

rancid odours due to the addition of coconut

pulp. The texture of the three formulas is rough

but not irritating to the skin. Indeed, body scrub

preparations must have a rough texture because

they remove dead skin cells. The bumpy texture

is obtained from adding coconut pulp and rice

starch

The parameters observed in the organoleptic test

of body scrub preparations include the

preparation's colour, aroma, and texture [14].

Based on colour, only FI is ivory white, while FII

and FIII are yellow. This can occur due to different

extract concentrations in the formula where the

extract in FI is only 1.25% while FII and FIII use

extracts as much as 2.5% and 5%. (Figure 1)

Meanwhile, the negative control only has a white

colour, and this is because there is no added

extract to K-.

Table 3. Organoleptic Test Results of Body Scrub

Preparations

Formulas

FII

Results

K-

FI

FIII

White

Ivory

white

Yellow

Colour

Odor

Unique Unique Unique Unique

Texture Rough

Rough Rough Rough

Figure 1. Results of Body Scrub Formulation: (a)

K- body scrub (0%); (b) FI body scrub (1.25%

Extract); (c) FII body scrub (2.5% Extract); (d) FIII

body scrub (5% extract).

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Table 4. Results of the Spreadability Test

preparation was measured with the initial

formula and its replication. Based on the test

results, all preparations appear to meet the

requirements above 4 sec.

Spreadability

(cm)

Spreadability

Standard (cm)

Samples

K-

FI

FII

FIII

5.00 ± 0.334

5.01 ± 0.311

4.96 ± 0.408

5.01 ± 0.503

Table 5. Adhesion Test Results

5.0-7.0 cm

Standard

Adhesion Value

(sec)

Adhesion

Value (sec)

Samples

Body Scrub Spreadability Test

K-

FI

FII

FIII

5.51 ± 0.464

5.39 ± 0.342

5.91 ± 0.095

6.20 ± 0.121

> 4

The spreadability test on the preparation is

intended to determine the ability of

a

preparation to spread on the skin's surface so

that the active substances contained in the body

scrub preparation can spread evenly. In this test,

the value of good spreadability in body scrubs is

5.0-7.0 cm [17]. Based on the test results, it was

found that FII did not meet the requirements with

a spreadability value of 4.96 ± 0.408 cm. In

contrast to FI, FIII, and K- which have a

spreadability of 5.01 ± 0.311 cm, 5.01 ± 0.503 cm

and 5.00 ± 0,334 cm. This is due to the

consistency of the body scrub preparation, which

is too dense, so more pressure is required to

apply it.

Table 6. Results of pH Test of Preparations

Body Scrub pH

(Standard)

Samples

pH ± SD

K-

FI

FII

FIII

7.07 ± 0.153

6.98 ± 0.745

7.26 ± 0.276

7.77 ± 0.186

4.5-8.0

Antioxidant Activity of Extract and Body Scrub

Body Scrub Adhesion Test

Initially, measurement was carried out towards

blank absorbance. Absorbance measurements

were carried out on DPPH blanks, which were

repeated three times, known as triplo (Table 7).

The average absorbance value of the DPPH blank

was 0.852. This average value will be used to

calculate each sample's inhibition percentage to

be tested.

The adhesion test of the preparation is carried

out to determine the contact ability of a

preparation, especially body scrub, to the skin,

which is the place of application. Good body

scrub adhesion is not less than 4 sec [5]. Based

on the test results, the stickiness of FI scrub was

obtained at 5.39 ± 0.342 sec. While FII was at 5.91

± 0.095 sec, FIII was at 6.20 ± 0.121 sec and K- was

at 5.51 ± 0.464 sec. The stickiness of the

Table 7. Antioxidant Activity Test Results

Body Scrub pH Test.

Cons.

(ppm)

1.25

2.5

Average

Absorbance

0.856

IC₅₀

(ppm)

Samples

The pH test of the preparation is carried out to

determine the level of acidity or basicity of a

preparation that will affect the skin. Based on the

standard set, SNI 16-4399-1996, the pH of a good

body scrub preparation ranges from 4.5 to 8.0

[17]. Based on the pH test results of all formulas,

the pH value of FI was 6.98 ± 0.745; FII was 7.26 ±

0.276; FIII was 7.77 ± 0.186 and K- was 7.07 ±

0.153. All formulas and their replications were

measured for pH value, with formula replication

done 3 (three) times [18].

0.717

7.280

FI

3.75

5.0

0.642

0.577

6.25

2.5

0.511

0.710

5.0

0.589

FII

7.5

0.543

11.839

10.0

12.5

0.468

0.423

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Antioxidant activity determines a sample's ability

to protect against free radicals. On the skin, free

radicals will cause dullness, hyperpigmentation

and premature ageing [19]. Antioxidant activity

testing was carried out on two types of samples,

namely extracts and body scrubs. In this case,

vitamin C was used as a comparator [13]. The

sample's test results were then calculated as the

percentage value of the inhibition to determine

the IC₅₀value of the sample used. The IC₅₀value

determines the ability to inhibit free radicals by

50% against the sample calculated by linear

regression (Figure 2) [20].

Cons.

(ppm)

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

10

20

30

40

50

Average

Absorbance

0.595

IC₅₀

(ppm)

Samples

0.481

0.458

0.380

0.353

0.801

0.614

0.454

0.373

0.194

0.587

0.475

0.454

FIII

17.354

34.210

33.410

Extract of

Citrus sp.

10

20

30

40

Vitamin C

(Compare)

0.375

50

0.340

Figure 2. Graph of the relationship

between sample and % inhibition. (a)

Antioxidant activity of F1 (1.25%) body

scrub; (b) Antioxidant activity of F2 (2.5%)

body scrub; (c) Antioxidant activity of F3

(5%) body scrub; (d) Antioxidant activity of

ethanol extract of sweet orange peel; (e)

Antioxidant activity of comparison solution

(Vitamin C).

Based on the test results of the extract, the IC₅₀

value is 34.209 ppm, which is included in the

category of powerful antioxidants. After testing

each formula, the IC₅₀value for FI was 7.28 ppm,

FII was 11.839 ppm, and FIII was 17.354 ppm. The

three body scrub formulas have antioxidant

activity in the robust category. These results are

compared to the IC₅₀of Vitamin C, which is 33.410

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Chempublish Journal, 8(2) 2024, 90-100

ppm, which is also categorized as very strong.

Based on the test results and comparing the

results with the comparison sample, the body

scrub preparation made can be said to be proven

to have antioxidant activity [21].

colour, and texture. Data analysis was performed

using SPSS with one-way ANOVA and Duncan

methods. Based on the test results, the

significance value of colour, aroma, and texture

is above 0.05 (p> 0.05) with a significance value of

0.512, 0.414, and 0.780, respectively, which

means that there is no significant difference

between each preparation formula in colour,

aroma and texture [22].

Hedonic Testing Results of Body Scrub. Hedonic

testing was carried out to determine the

panellist's preference level based on aroma,

Figure 3. Graph of the results of Hedonic Test

[A] Hedonic test results of F1 (1.25%) body

scrub; [B] Hedonic test results of F2 (2.5%) body

scrub; [C] Hedonic test results of F3 (5%) body

scrub

.

Duncan's test was also carried out, a process that

can determine a good preparation group. The

Duncan test was carried out in hedonic testing to

determine the panellists' liking of the 3 (three)

preparation formulas. The highest subset value

indicates the preferred formula. The results

showed that FI excelled in assessing aroma,

colour, and texture. This may occur because FII

and FIII provide sharp colour and aroma when

compared to FI, where FII and FIII have a greater

concentration of extracts, emitting a sharper

characteristic odour than FI [23].

Irritation tests were carried out on FI, FII, and FIII

test samples for 0, 24, 48, and 72 hr. Based on the

results of reports from panellists, three panellists

experienced irritation with details of the mild

irritation category of two people and very mild

irritation of one person. Irritation occurred 24 hr

after use. Irritation occurs due to contact time,

penetration rate, area, and the ingredients'

toxicity level [24].

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Chempublish Journal, 8(2) 2024, 90-100

Figure 4. Graph of the results Irritation test of Body Scrub FI, FII, and FIII

Conclusions

Writing – Original Draft Preparation, H.R.; Writing

Review Editing, H.R., G.A. and R.H.;

–

&

Based on the study's results, it was found that the

physical quality of the preparation showed

promising results and met the standard values

set. The results of antioxidant activity testing

found that the three body scrub formulas have

antioxidant activity values in the robust category

(<50 ppm) with FI. FII. and FIII values of 7.28 ppm,

11.839 ppm, and 17.354 ppm, respectively. So, it

is concluded that the body scrub is proven to

have antioxidant activity

Visualization, R.H.; Supervision, I.M.; Project

Administration, H.R.; Funding Acquisition, H.R.

Conflict of Interest

There are no significant conflicts

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