Article

Flavonoid Compounds from Ethanol Extract of Sungkai Leaves (Peronema

canescens. Jack) and Antibacterial Activity Test Against Staphylococcus

epidermidis and Escherchia coli

Nindita Clourisa Amaris Susanto^1*, Jammes Ardhica², Nelson³, Madyawati Latief³

¹Department of Pharmacy, Vocational School, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia

²Department of Industry and Trade of Jambi Province, Jambi, Indonesia

³Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Jambi, Indonesia

Abstract

The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has intensified the global search for alternative antimicrobial agents,

particularly from natural sources. Traditional medicinal plants have been widely recognized for their therapeutic

potential, and Peronema canescens Jack is well-known to contain bioactive compounds. Among its pharmacological

properties, its antibacterial potential has drawn scientific interest. Secondary metabolites such as flavonoids,

tannins, and phenolics are believed to contribute to its antimicrobial activity. However, the specific antibacterial

compounds in P. canescens remain largely unidentified. This study seeks to isolate and characterize antibacterial

compounds from the ethanol extract of Sungkai leaves, aiming to discover new natural antibacterial agents. The

research objectives include isolating antibacterial compounds using maceration extraction and fractionation,

conducting phytochemical screening to identify metabolite classes, assessing antibacterial activity using the paper

disc diffusion method, and characterizing bioactive isolates through UV-Vis spectrophotometry and FTIR analysis.

The results indicate that the ethyl acetate fraction of the ethanol extract of P. canescens leaves exhibits significant

antibacterial activity, particularly at concentrations of 500 and 1000 ppm. UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis

identified flavonoid compounds, including apigenin, flavones, and flavonols, based on characteristic absorption

peaks. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups associated with flavonoids, supporting their

antibacterial potential. These findings highlight P. canescens as a promising source of natural antibacterial agents.

Further studies focusing on compound purification and in vivo antibacterial testing are recommended to explore its

pharmaceutical applications.

Keywords: Antibacterial, Flavonoids, Sungkai leaves

Graphical Abstract

*

Corresponding author

Email addresses: nindita_clourisa@staff.uns.ac.id

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22437/chp.v6i4.41653

(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 )

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Chempublish Journal, 6(4) 2022, 150-159

Introduction

Indonesia. Some bacteria that can cause

infections such as Staphylococcus epidermidis

and Escherchia coli. Staphylococcus epidermidis

is a colony of gram-positive bacteria that infects

the mucous membranes and skin of humans.

Meanwhile, Escherchia coli is included in the

group of gram-negative bacterial colonies that

cause acute diarrhea to the death of most babies

in the world (Alamsyah et al., 2014).

Several synthetic antibiotics can treat infectious

diseases by killing and inhibiting bacterial

growth. However, the problem faced by the

world of medicine is bacterial resistance to

existing drugs. In addition, continuous use of

antibiotics can cause side effects on the body

which are characterized by the appearance of

allergic reactions (Westh et al., 2004).

The territory of Indonesia is covered by abundant

natural wealth. This wealth has the potential to

find various types of chemical compounds that

are useful for treatment. This can be seen from

the many types of plants that are used as

traditional

medicine.

Currently,

traditional

medicine is growing rapidly, as evidenced by the

many studies on natural medicines, including the

Sungkai plant (Peronema canesscens). Peronema

canesscens is a wild plant that belongs to the

Verbenaceae family. This plant is often referred

to as sungkai or jati sabrang, sabrang, ceki, and

sekai. Sungkai is widely distributed in western

and southern Sumatra, Jambi, West Java,

Kalimantan and even the Malaysian peninsula

(Barid, 2015; Murningsih et al., 2005). The stems,

leaves, flowers or seeds of the sungkai plant can

be used as medicines (Elsi et al., 2020). People

usually use it by pounding or brewing it for colds,

fever, worm medicine, mouthwash, and bruise

medicine (Primair, 2013; Hidayat, 2008). In

addition, it can also be used as a bath for women

after giving birth (Ningsih and Ibrahim, 2013). In

several studies, sungkai leaf extract has been

shown to inhibit parasite growth. According to

Suwandi (1995), ethanol extract of sungkai leaves

can inhibit the growth of the Plasmodium berghei

parasite in male mice. Sungkai extract has also

been shown to be effective in inhibiting the

Based on these problems, new research is

needed on plants that are able to produce

natural antibiotics that have optimal properties

to inhibit antibacterial activity. This can be done

by utilizing several plants that contain active

antibacterial compounds

Material and Methods

Materials and Instrumentations

The sample used in this study was sungkai leaves

(Peronema canescens jack). Samples were

obtained from Kademangan Village, Jaluko

District, Muaro Jambi Regency, Jambi Province,

Indonesia. The chemicals were used ethyl

acetate, n-hexane, 2N sulfuric acid, Dragendorff

reagent, Meyer reagent, Lieberman-Burchard

reagent, concentrated HCl, Mg powder, 2N HCl,

FeCl3, acetic acid. Anhydrous (Sigma Aldrich), fine

silica gel (packing) 0.040 - 0.063 mm and coarse

silica gel (imprent) 0.063 -0.200 mm (Merck),

Artemia salina larvae eggs, NaCl.

Babesia

gibsoni

parasite

(Subeki,

2004;

Murningsih, 2005). In addition, recent studies

have shown that ethanol extract of sungkai

leaves has anti-hyperuricemia activity which can

reduce uric acid levels in mice (Latief et al., 2021).

It has been reported by Ibrahim and Kuncoro

(2012), that the methanol extract of P. canescens

contains secondary metabolites of the alkaloid,

terpenoid-steroid,

tannin groups. Therefore, many researchers

have tried to prove its ability against

antimicrobial activity. The results show that

sungkai leaves can inhibit Escherchia coli,

Salmonella thyposa (Ningsih et al., 2013), Bacillus

subtillis, Streptococcus mutans, and Staphylococcus

aureus (Ningsih and Ibrahim, 2013). Infectious

diseases by pathogenic microbes such as

bacteria are triggering factors for various

diseases that cause high mortality rates,

especially in developing countries such as

phenolic,

flavonoid,

and

The equipments and instrumentations used in

this study were maceration bottles, filter paper,

rotary

evaporator

components,

funnels,

measuring cups, Erlenmeyer cups, VLC and GCC

columns, vacuum pumps, capillary tubes, TLC

plates (Merck), drip plates, test tubes, test tube

rack, dropping pipette, 1 ml micropipette, 10 ml

micropipette, KBR pellet, volumetric flask, vial,

stir bar, UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Shimadzu,

Japan), FTIR spectrophotometer (Bruker, USA)

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Chempublish Journal, 6(4) 2022, 150-159

Methods

resulting spots were then observed directly

under a UV lamp.

Sample Preparation and Extraction. Prior to the

preparation

process,

the

Sungkai

plant

Column

Chromatography:

Vacuum

liquid

(Peronema canescens Jack) was first identified and

confirmed. Subsequently, a 1 kg sample of

Sungkai leaves (Peronema canescens Jack) was

collected, thoroughly cleaned, and washed to

eliminate any adhering dust and impurities. The

leaves were then cut into small pieces and air-

dried for seven days. The prepared samples

underwent extraction using the maceration

method with ethanol as the solvent for three

cycles of 24 hours each, repeated twice. The

resulting macerate was concentrated using a

rotary evaporator until a thick extract was

obtained. This thick extract was further

evaporated to remove residual solvent, yielding a

dry extract, which was then weighed to

determine its yield. The extract was subsequently

subjected to partitioning to separate it into three

fractions based on the polarity of the secondary

metabolite compounds. The partitioning process

was carried out sequentially, starting with non-

polar compounds, followed by semi-polar and

polar compounds, using n-hexane, ethyl acetate,

and ethanol as solvents, respectively

column chromatography (VLC) was performed

using silica gel as the stationary phase, with a

sample-to-silica gel ratio of 2:1. The sample

extract was impregnated with silica gel and

introduced into a column preloaded with the

stationary phase. Elution was conducted using a

gradient system, progressing from non-polar to

semi-polar and finally to polar solvents. The

resulting fractions were collected in vials based

on either the separation of visible bands or the

volume of eluent used, followed by evaporation.

The

eluates

obtained

from

column

chromatography were further analyzed using

TLC.

The purity of the collected eluates was assessed

via TLC using different solvent systems, including

ethyl acetate: ethanol (4:6), acetone: ethanol

(6:4), and dichloromethane (DCM): acetone (2:8).

If TLC results yielded a single distinct spot, the

isolate was considered pure. The purified isolate

was subsequently subjected to further analysis,

including

melting

point

determination,

phytochemical screening, antibacterial activity

evaluation, and structural characterization.

Secondary Metabolites Analysis. The cytotoxicity

test treatment was carried out on four

repetitions. Artemia salina larvae were prepared

by incubating the eggs 48 hours before testing

Antibacterial Activity. All equipment and

materials used in the study were thoroughly

cleaned and dried. Sterilization was performed

using 70% ethanol, followed by autoclaving at

121°C for 15 minutes. Paper discs made from

Whatman paper were impregnated with Sungkai

leaf extract at varying concentrations of 100, 500,

and 1000 μg/mL (ppm). For each fraction

obtained from column chromatography, test

solutions were prepared at concentrations of

100, 125, and 150 μg/mL (ppm), while isolates

were tested at concentrations of 6, 8, and 10

μg/mL (ppm) in ethanol solvent. The antibacterial

test was conducted in duplicate (duplo) following

the methodology described by Yanti and Mitika

(2017).

and

prepared

mother

liquor

and

serial

concentrations of 1000 ppm, 100 ppm, and 10

ppm solvent used according to the fraction. Sea

water was used as a negative control. Added 5 ml

of engineered seawater and 1 ml of each test

solution which had been evaporated for 24 hours

into a test tube and then homogenized, then ten

larvae were added. Observations were made (24

hours) on the death of shrimp larvae with the

help of a magnifying glass

Isolation. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC): A

TLC plate measuring 1 × 5 cm was prepared with

a lower boundary of 1 cm and an upper boundary

of 0.5 cm, allowing an eluent migration distance

of 3.5 cm. The extract was applied to the lower

boundary of the plate using a capillary tube and

subsequently eluted with the designated mobile

phase. Once the solvent front reached the upper

boundary, the elution process was halted. The

A positive control using Chloramphenicol and a

blank solvent control were included (Yanti and

Mitika, 2017). The bacterial strains used in the

study were Staphylococcus epidermidis and

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Chempublish Journal, 6(4) 2022, 150-159

Escherichia coli, which were inoculated from pure

cultures onto petri dishes containing Nutrient

Agar (NA) medium. The bacterial cultures were

transferred using an inoculating loop and

streaked onto the prepared media, followed by

incubation for 24 hours.

of Artemia salina larvae, then looking for the

probit number using the probit analysis program

SPSS version 25 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, 250 USA).

Results and Discussions

The resulting extraction is a thick colored liquid

called macerate. The macerate is then filtered to

separate the extract from the residue which is

the remains of the maceration. Furthermore, the

ethanol extract of sungkai leaves is evaporated

using a rotary evaporator. This process aims to

separate the extract from the solvent so that a

thick extract is obtained. After that, the thick

extract is partitioned liquid-liquid with three

solvents that have different polarity properties.

These solvents are n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and

ethanol which are sequentially non-polar,

semipolar, and polar. This process aims to group

the types of compounds based on their polarity

properties, so that three groups of compounds

are obtained called fractions. Then each fraction

is determined for its yield mass and secondary

metabolite compound content. % Yield was

calculated using equation 1.

Antibacterial Activity was determined by paper

discs-diffusion were immersed in the test

solution, positive control, and blank control, then

placed onto the agar media. The plates were

incubated at 37°C for 24 hours, after which the

diameter of the inhibition zone, representing the

area free from bacterial growth, was measured

using a caliper or ruler. The inhibition zone

diameters were compared with those of the

positive and blank controls. The antibacterial

activity test was conducted in duplicate, and the

inhibition zone was reported as the average of

two independent measurements (Waluyo and

Pasaribu, 2015).

Isolate

Characterization.

UV-Vis

Spectrophotometry: A pure isolate (0.5 mg) was

dissolved in 3 mL of ethanol. Prior to analysis, a

baseline correction was performed using ethanol

as a blank solution. The sample solution was then

transferred into a cuvette and placed in the

spectrophotometer. The absorbance spectrum

Extract (gr)

% Yield =

× 100%

(1)

Simpilicia (gr)

The mass percentage value of the ethanol extract

yield and each fraction obtained is shown in

Table 1.

was

recorded

and

analyzed

within

the

Table 1. Mass and yield of dried crude extracts

wavelength range of 200–800 nm to determine

the maximum absorption wavelength.

Fraction extracts

Ethanol Extract

Mass (g)

35.95

2.34

Yield (%)

7.65

FTIR Spectrophotometry: A pure isolate (0.5

mg) was mixed with 50 mg of potassium bromide

(KBr) and finely ground until a homogeneous

mixture was obtained. Baseline calibration was

conducted using air as a blank reference. The

prepared sample was then placed into a KBr cell

and inserted into the FTIR spectrophotometer.

Spectral analysis was carried out across the

Fraction of n-Hexane

Fraction of Ethyl Acetate

Fraction of ethanol

0.49

6.45

1.37

27.15

Based on Table 6, the percentage of ethanol

extract yield mass is 7.649% from 470 gr of

simplex. According to this value, the yield mass

value in each fraction can also be determined. In

the n-hexane fraction, the value is 0.49802%, the

ethyl acetate fraction is 1.372%, and the ethanol

fraction is 5.77% from 470 gr of simplex mass.

Based on this comparison, the ethanol fraction

has the highest yield value. This shows that in

sungkai leaves there are more polar secondary

metabolite compounds.

wavelength

range

of

2.5–25

microns

(corresponding to a wavenumber range of 4000–

400 cm⁻¹) to identify functional groups present in

the compound.

Characterization and Data analysis. Isolate was

characterized using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer

and FTIR spectrophotometer. Cytotoxicity data

analysis was carried out by knowing the mortality

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Chempublish Journal, 6(4) 2022, 150-159

Secondary Metabolites

indicated by the formation of a clear zone on the

disc.

Phytochemical screening is a preliminary test to

determine the content of secondary metabolite

compounds in a sample qualitatively. The test

includes determining the content of compounds

such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins,

and steroids/terpenoids. In this case, the ethanol

extract and the three fractions of sungkai leaves

will be determined. The ethanol extract of

sungkai leaves showed positive results for

tannins, steroids, and flavonoids (Table 2).

Antibacterial activity was seen in the

ethyl acetate fraction. At concentrations of 500

and 1000 ppm, a clear zone was formed

indicating the presence of active compounds.

Based on the measurement values obtained, the

activity of the compound was categorized as a

compound that had weak to moderate activity.

The positive control was resistant to E. coli

bacteria, meaning that no clear zone was formed

on the disc. This can happen because the

composition of the E. coli bacteria is more

complex than that of S. epidermidis bacteria

(Alamsyah et al., 2014).

Comparison of the three test fractions showed

that the ethyl acetate fraction had a more

dominant positive result than the other fractions.

This indicates that the secondary metabolite

compounds contained are easily soluble in ethyl

acetate solvent because they have the same

polarity properties. According to Hasma and

Winda (2019), heating the fraction using a water

bath can also affect the results of phytochemical

screening. This is because uncontrolled heating

At this stage, isolation is carried out using the

Vacuum Liquid Chromatography (VLC) method,

in which the active fraction of ethyl acetate will be

eluted with variations in the eluent ratio. The

variation starts from a ratio of 100% non-polar

eluent, then increased to semi-polar, to polar.

The elution process is carried out in a gradient

manner which is stored in a 100 ml vial bottle.

This is done to separate the compound groups

specifically based on their polarity properties.

Then a container is obtained in the form of

eluates of 52 vials. The next stage is the grouping

of the isolated fractions using the Thin Layer

Chromatography (TLC) method. This method is

based on the position of the stain pattern

produced on a thin plate from the elution

process. Stain patterns that have the same

position will be grouped into 1 fraction. In this

case, the fractions obtained were 6 fractions

(Tabel 5).

damages

several

secondary

metabolite

compounds, thus showing negative results.

Table 2. Phytochemical screening results of

ethanol extract and sungkai leaf fractions

Fraction

EtAce

Secondary

Metabolites

Alkaloids

Saponins

Tanin

Crude

Extract

Hexane

Ethanol

-

+

-

+

-

+

-

Steroids

Terpen

Flavonoids

+

Antibacterial activity was tested using the paper

disc diffusion method, where the paper discs

were induced with sample solutions. The

samples were fractions that had been made into

solutions with various concentrations. As a

comparison, chloramphenicol was used as a

positive control. The induced paper discs were

attached to the surface of nutrient agar

containing bacteria. The test was carried out with

two repetitions (duplo). A minimum of 1x24

hours was needed to see antibacterial activity.

Samples that had antibacterial activity were

Table 1. Grouping of fractions based on vial

order

Fractions

Vials

1

I

II

2-10

11-33

34-42

43-47

48-52

III

IV

V

VI

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Chempublish Journal, 6(4) 2022, 150-159

Table 2. Potential antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate fraction

Inhibition Zone Diameter (mm)

S. epidermidis

Averages

Samples

E. coli

Averages

Activity

Weak

-

Activity

Weak

-

F1

F2

F3

F4

F5

F6

+

1.25 ± 0.05

1.0 ± 0.00

1.7 ± 0.10

1.8± 0.00

0.1± 0.05

1.75± 0.04

2.8± 0.04

0± 0.0

0.95 ± 0.05

1.5± 0.06

1.65± 0.06

0.8± 0.00

2.65± 0.06

0± 0.00

-

The next stage is testing the antibacterial activity

to see the active potential in each fraction. This

activity test is done by the paper disc method,

where each fraction will be tested with 150 μg/mL

(ppm). Based on table 6, it can be concluded that

each fraction has antibacterial activity with weak

intensity. Among the existing fractions, the third

fraction (F3) has the highest average value. In

addition, the third fraction (F3) also produces

more isolate crystals than other fractions, so that

the F3 isolate will be continued to the

characterization stage.

hydrochloric acid (HCl) and magnesium (Mg)

powder.

The purity of the isolate was assessed using TLC,

where a pure isolate is identified by the

formation of a single spot pattern on the TLC

plate during the elution process. The elution was

performed using solvent systems with the

following ratios: ethyl acetate: ethanol (4:6),

acetone: ethanol (6:4), and dichloromethane

(DCM):

acetone

(2:8).

The

corresponding

retention factor (Rf) values obtained for each

solvent system were 0.77, 0.71, and 0.84,

respectively.

Phytochemical screening of Isolate

Phytochemical

Screening:

Phytochemical

Antibacterial activity test of isolate

screening was conducted on isolate F3, which

exhibited relatively strong antibacterial activity

compared to other fractions. The results

confirmed that isolate F3 belongs to the

flavonoid class of secondary metabolites, as

indicated by a characteristic color change to

Through the same antibacterial activity testing

method on extracts and fractions, isolate F3 was

tested with concentration variations of 6; 8; 10

µg/ml (ppm). Table 7 shows the results of the

antibacterial activity test of isolate F3.

reddish

or

orange

when

reacted

with

Table 3. Potential antibacterial activity of isolate F3

Inhibition Zone Diameter (mm)

Concentrations

(ppm)

E. coli

Average

S. epidermidis

Activity

Weak

-

Average

0.85± 0.05

1.45± 0.02

3.8± 0.05

1.0± 0.05

0.0± 0.00

Activity

Weak

-

6

8

0.95 ± 0.05

2.25± 0.05

3.05± 0.05

4.1± 0.2

10

+

-

0±0.00

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Isolate Belongs to Apigenin

Based on the characterization that has been

carried out, it shows that isolate F3 ethyl acetate

has the characteristics of flavonoid compounds

of the flavone and flavonol types. Based on a

comparison of several literatures, the F3 ethyl

acetate isolate has a similar UV-Vis spectrum to

This characterization is carried out to predict

double bonds or aromatic conjugation in a

molecule, in this case the test sample obtained is

isolate F3. The results obtained are shown in

Figure 4 and 5.

the Apigenin compound with

a

maximum

absorption of 329 nm in band I and 267 nm in

band II (Moilanen et al., 2013).

On the other hand, the IR spectrum of isolate F3

ethyl acetate in Figure 6 obtained has a similar

wave absorption pattern to the comparative

wave absorption possessed by the apigenin

compound in Figure 21. The wave number

3331.76 cm Based on Figure 4, two maximum

absorption peaks were obtained, namely in band

I at a wavelength of 280 nm and band II with a

wavelength of 339 nm. The maximum absorption

band with a wavelength of 339 nm was identified

as the resonance of the cinnamoyl group of ring

B. While the maximum absorption band with a

wavelength of 280 nm was identified as the

resonance of the benzoyl group of ring A

(Indarto, 2015). The characteristic of flavonoid

compounds has a spectrum consisting of two

maximum absorptions in the wavelength range

of 230-295 and 300-560 nm (Neldawati, 2013).

Based on the characterization that has been

carried out, it shows that isolate F3 ethyl acetate

has the characteristics of flavonoid compounds

of the flavone and flavonol types. Based on a

comparison of several literatures, the F3 ethyl

acetate isolate has a similar UV-Vis spectrum to

(A)

(B)

Figure 4. UV-Vis spectrum of Isolate (A) and

Apigenin (B)

Based on Figure 4, two maximum absorption

peaks were obtained, namely in band I at a

wavelength of 280 nm and band II with a

wavelength of 339 nm. The maximum absorption

band with a wavelength of 339 nm was identified

as the resonance of the cinnamoyl group of ring

B. While the maximum absorption band with a

wavelength of 280 nm was identified as the

resonance of the benzoyl group of ring A

(Indarto, 2015). The characteristic of flavonoid

compounds has a spectrum consisting of two

maximum absorptions in the wavelength range

of 230-295 and 300-560 nm (Neldawati, 2013).

the Apigenin compound with

a

maximum

absorption of 329 nm in band I and 267 nm in

band II (Moilanen et al., 2013). with sharp

intensity is indicated as a stretching vibration of

the OH group. At the wave number 1607.06 cm-1

indicates the presence of a C=O ketone group. At

the wave number 1442.03 cm-1 indicates a C=C

ring. At the wave number 1240-1029.73 cm-1

with sharp intensity indicates the presence of

cyclic C-O.

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Chempublish Journal, 6(4) 2022, 150-159

(a)

(b)

Figure 6. IR spectrum of isolate F3 (a), IR spectrum of Apigenin compound (Shoubaky et al., 2016)

Tabel 8. Wavenumber of isolate functional groups

that can inhibit inflammation. Based on in vivo, in

vitro, and clinical experimental studies, apigenin

can be an efficacious therapeutic agent for

treating diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis,

autoimmune disorders, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's,

and various types of cancer (Ali et al., 2017).

Conclusion

Wavenumbers (cm^-1)

Functional

Groups

Isolate

Apigenin

(Shoubaky et al.,

2016)

3331,76

1607,06

1442,03

1029,73-

1240,68

3333

1646

1466

1024

O-H stretch

C=O

C=C

C-O stretch

The ethanol extract of Sungkai leaves exhibits

limited antibacterial activity. At concentrations of

500 and 1000 ppm, it forms a clear zone

indicative of weak to moderate antibacterial

potency. Consequently, the ethyl acetate fraction

was further processed through isolation, yielding

In addition to comparative data of FTIR

absorption waveform, the suspicion that

Apigenin compound contained in isolate F3 is

strengthened by the results of phytochemical

screening. The test was conducted by reacting

the isolate using HCl and Mg powder to produce

foam and a reddish or orange color change which

is a positive result of flavonoids. Thus, isolate F3

ethyl acetate is suspected to be an apigenin

compound (4’, 5, 7-trhydroxyflavone) with the

molecular formula C15H10O5 (Figure 8).

isolate

F3,

which

demonstrated

weak

antibacterial activity even at the highest

concentration of 10 ppm. The ethyl acetate

fraction of isolate F3 possesses characteristics

consistent

with

flavonoid

compounds,

specifically of the flavone and flavonol classes,

with Apigenin as the identified compound

Acknowledgement

None

Author Contributions

Figure 8. Chemical structure of Apigenin (4’, 5, 7-

trhydroxyflavone)

Conceptualization, NCAS and JA.; Methodology,

JA and N; Software, NCAS and ML.; Validation:

NCAS and ML; Formal Analysis, JA and ML.;

Investigation, ML and N.; Resources, NCAS and

ML.; Data Curation, S and MF; Writing – Original

Draft Preparation, ZA, MF; Writing – Review &

Editing, NCAS and JA; Visualization: ML and N.;

Apigenin is a secondary metabolite compound of

the flavonoid group contained in fruits,

vegetables, and other medicinal plants. Apigenin

or known as 4', 5, 7-trhydroxyflavone is a yellow

crystalline powder that is insoluble in water but

soluble in organic solvents. Several studies have

shown that apigenin has many molecular targets

Supervision,

NCAS

and

ML;

Project

Administration, NCAS.

157

Chempublish Journal, 6(4) 2022, 150-159

Conflic of Interest

creticum. Journal of pharmaceutical, chemical

and biological sciences, 3(2), 262-271.

The authors declare no conflict of interest

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