Article

Formulation and Characterization of Microencapsules Containing Ethanol

Extract of Sungkai Leaves (Peronema canescens Jack)

Indra Lasmana Tarigan^1,2,4, Farah¹, Ratih Dyah Puspitasari^1,4, Munirah Binti Saharin³

Madyawati Latief^1,2,4

,

¹Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Jambi, Indonesia

²Natural Product and Bioactive Compound Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Jambi

³Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia

⁴The University Centre of Excellences, E2-KOLIM, Universitas Jambi, Indonesia

Abstract

The Sungkai plant (Peronema canescens Jack.) is a widely recognized as medicinal plant in Indonesia, with

its leaves recently gaining attention for their potential health benefits. This study explores the

microencapsulation of ethanol extract from Sungkai leaves using three different coating materials—

maltodextrin, inulin, and Arabic gum—at varying concentrations. The aim of this study was to identify

the optimal microencapsulation formulation using these materials. Microencapsulation was performed

using the extrusion method, and the best formulation was characterized by evaluating its

physicochemical properties, morphology, and infrared (IR) spectrum. Antioxidant activity was measured

using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The results showed that microencapsule

formulation A1 exhibited superior physicochemical properties compared to other formulations.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of A1 revealed a smooth surface with a slightly rounded

shape and minimal wall folds or cracks, suggesting good stability. Moreover, fourier-transform infrared

(FTIR) analysis confirmed effective encapsulation of the ethanol extract as well. While the crude extract

demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity, microencapsulation slightly reduced this activity. Among

the microencapsule samples, formulation A1 (using Arabic gum) retained the most antioxidant potential.

In conclusion, formulation A1, utilizing Arabic gum as the coating material, was found to be the optimal

microencapsulation formulation for the ethanol extract of Sungkai leaves.

Keywords: Coating agent, microencapsulation, ethanol extract, Sungkai

Graphical Abstract

Introduction

*

Corresponding author

Email addresses: madyawatilatief@unja.ac.id

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22437/chp.v9i1.43042

Received January 16^th2025; Accepted March 12^nd2025; Available online June 30^th2025

(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 )

100

I.L.Tarigan et al.

Chempublish Journal,9(1) 2025,100-119

One of the medicinal plants that grows in

Indonesia is the Sungkai plant (Peronema

canescens Jack). Peronema canescens Jack (P.

canescens) in Jambi Province is ethnobotanically

used for various therapies such as antifever,

antioxidant, and immunostimulant [1]. This plant

is traditionally used by the community in

medicine or health care, such as bruising

attractive physico-chemical properties [12]. The

selection of a coating material that can avoid

compositional changes due to damage to the

bioactive compounds in the extract is a crucial

point for the success of the microencapsulation

process [13]. Coating materials such as inulin,

maltodextrin, and Arabic gum are recognized as

safe and have been used for the stability of

bioactive compounds [14]. Maltodextrin is a

polysaccharide class compound consisting of β-

D-glucose units obtained by acid or enzyme

hydrolysis of some starches (corn, rice, potato,

starch, or wheat). Maltodextrin is highly soluble

in water, has a neutral taste, and low viscosity,

and is easily obtained [15]. Inulin is a polymer of

fructose units linked by a terminal glucose unit at

the end of the chain.

medicine,

fever

medicine,

cold

medicine,

worming medicine, and mouthwash [2]. P.

canescens contains bioactive compounds that

play a role as antidiabetics [3], antihyperurisemia

[4], anti-inflammatory [5], potential anticancer

[6], and immunostimulant [7]. P. canescens also

has potential bioactivity as an antibacterial and

antioxidantwhich is related to the content of

secondary metabolite compounds possessed by

P. canescens plants, such as alkaloids, terpenoids,

phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins [5].

Inulin has activity as an anticytotoxic and

immunomodulator. In addition, inulin also

behaves as a prebiotic and stimulates the activity

of beneficial microflora in the colon. Since its

release only occurs in the gut, inulin can be used

to protect bioactive compounds in extracts that

are susceptible to degradation along the human

digestive tract [15–17]. Arabic gum is a complex

heteropolysaccharide composed of D-glucuronic

acid, L-rhamnose, D-galactose, and L-arabinose.

Arabic gum is often used as a dressing in

microencapsulation technology because it has

good emulsification properties, high solubility,

and low viscosity in aqueous solutions. In

addition, it provides good retention of volatile

substances and effective protection against

oxidation [15]. These three biopolymers were

chosen to be used as coating materials in this

microencapsulation study of an ethanol extract

of P. canescens leaves extract due to their

functional properties. The purpose of this study

was to determine the best microencapsulation

formulation using maltodextrin, inulin, and

Arabic gum.

However, bioactive compounds in extracts have

several

disadvantages,

such

as

a

high

organoleptic impact due to the bitter and sour

taste of some compounds, low solubility, a

tendency to oxidize, and a limited shelf life,

reducing the utilization of bioactive compounds

[8]. Therefore, some kind of processing or

delivering system as an alternative is needed that

can overcome this problem, to ensure their

effectiveness and target function. Encapsulation

is an effective method that improves the

phytochemical stability by entrapping the core

material with the coating agent [9].

Albeit,

technology

the

application

continues

of

to

encapsulation

experience

developments, such as nanoencapsulation and

microencapsulation. Microencapsulation is one

of the methods used to protect active

substances, improve their physico-chemical

properties, and protect them from unpleasant

flavors and aromas even adverse environmental

conditions [10]. The extrusion method is one of

the most popular and simple methods in

microencapsulation technology. The advantages

of this method compared to other methods are

that it is easy to perform, does not require high

temperatures, has gentle formulation conditions

that ensure higher cell viability, does not use

harmful solvents, and can be performed under

aerobic and anaerobic conditions [11].

Materials and Methods

Chemicals

The main material used in this study was Sungkai

leaves (Peronema canescens Jack.) obtained from

Pamuatan Village, Kupitan District, Sijunjung

Regency, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia.

Other materials used were FeCl₃, 2N sulfuric acid,

Biopolymers are oftentimes used as coating

materials for microencapsulation of various

Dragendorff

reagent,

Lieberman-Burchard

reagent, HCl, Mg powder, HCl, tween-80,

bioactive

compounds

because

they

have

101

I.L.Tarigan et al.

Chempublish Journal,9(1) 2025,100-119

Aquadest,

maltodextrin

(Lihua

Starch),

concentrations, namely 20; 40; 60; 80; and 100

mg/L. Determination of total phenolic content by

the Folin-Ciocalteu method A total of 0.5 mL of

sample (standard solution and test solution) was

put into a 10 mL volumetric flask, 0.5 mL of Folin-

Ciocalteau reagent was added, and the flask was

allowed to stand for 5 minutes. Then 1 mL of 20%

sodium carbonate was added and diluted with

Aquadest until the limit mark. The mixture was

incubated for 2 hours. The absorbance was then

measured at a wavelength of 750 nm ²¹. Based on

the absorbance values obtained, a calibration

curve was made and a linear regression equation

for the standard solution was obtained. The total

phenolic content of each test solution was

determined from the linear regression equation

of the standard solution. Total phenolic content

is expressed in mg Galic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/g

sample.

carbomethyl cellulose, CMC (Sigma), Inulin

(Pep'D), Arabic gum (Orlife), CaCl₂(Pudak

Scientific), Glutaraldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich), Gallic

acid (Sigma), Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, Na₂CO₃

(Emsure®), Ascorbic acid (Emsure®), methanol p.

a

(Emsure®),

DPPH

(Sigma-Aldrich),

The

equipment used in this research is glassware

(Pyrex®),

Fouri-er-Transform

(Alpha II-Bruker),

infrared

UV-Vis

spectroscopy

spectrophotometer (Thermo-Fischer), and

SEM-EDX JEOL JSM-6510LA.

a

Preparation and Extraction

Sungkai leaves are selected in good condition,

wet sorted, then washed to separate the test

material from dirt, and dried for 7 days [18].

Furthermore, the simplisia was pulverized using

a grinder and obtained 2,500g of simplicia

powder, and the yield obtained was 10%. The

extraction process of P. canescens leaves was

carried out by maceration using 96% ethanol

solvent at 37°C to prevent damage to

compounds contained in Sungkai leaves, such as

phenolics. The process of separating extracts and

solvents is carried out using a vacuum rotary

evaporator at temperatures below the boiling

point of the solvent to minimize damage to

bioactive compounds due to high temperatures

[19]. The ethanol extract yielded 303 g,

corresponding to an extraction yield of 12.12%.

The crude extract was subsequently analyzed by

LC-MS/MS. The resulting chromatographic data

were presented as peak height plots, and the

molecular weights of the detected compounds

were identified and analyzed using the MassLynx

Mass Spectrometry Software.

Microencapsulation

The microencapsulation process of the ethanol

extract of Sungkai leaves was carried out using

the extrusion method by following the procedure

of the study [22]. The dressing mixture was put

into 100 mL of 85⁰C aquadest, then 1 mL of

tween-80 and 1g of dried Sungkai leaf extract

were added. After homogenization, the solution

was dripped into a 0.2 M CaCl₂solution with

ethanol solvent (70%). The formed granules were

allowed to stand for 15 min, after which they

were filtered. Crosslinking was done with

glutaraldehyde crosslinkers. The gel beads were

soaked in glutaraldehyde solutions for 5 min. The

gel beads were drained and dried to a constant

weight (Table 1).

% Yield

Phytochemical and Total Phenolics

The calculation of percent yield is done by

Phytochemical screening was carried out to

qualitatively test the compounds contained in the

ethanol extract of Sungkai leaves, such as

flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, steroids,

calculating

the

overall

weight

of

the

microencapsule product and the total weight of

the microencapsule material, which are then

calculated using equation 1.

and

phenolic

compounds,

following

the

% R = ^W0× 100 %

(1)

procedures of previous studies [20]. A gallic acid

standard solution was made by dissolving 10 mg

of gallic acid in a 10 mL volumetric flask using

methanol solvent, thus obtaining a concentration

of 1000 mg/L in the mother solution. Then the

1000mg/L mother liquor was diluted into several

Table 1. Microencapsulation formula

WT

Notes: %R: Yield product; W0: Microencapsulated

weight (g); WT: total weight of microencapsulated

material (g)

102

I.L.Tarigan et al.

Chempublish Journal,9(1) 2025,100-119

Samples

code

Extracts

Aquadest

(mL)

Tween-

80

(mL)

Arabic

gum

(g)

Inulin

(g)

Maltodextrin

(g)

CMC (g)

(g)

A₁

1

100

1

2.7

-

0.3

A₂

A₃

I₁

I₂

I₃

M₁

M₂

M₃

1

100

1

2.4

2.1

-

0.6

0.9

0.3

0.6

0.9

0.3

0.6

0.9

-

2.7

2.4

2.1

-

2.7

2.4

2.1

Water solubility

Morphology analysis and IR-spectrum

Maltodextrin, inulin, Arabic

One gram of the microcapsule was accurately

weighed and dissolved in 20 mL of distilled water.

Filtration was carried out using a pre-weighed

filter paper that had been dried in an oven at

105ꢀ°C for 30 min. After filtration, the filter paper

containing the residue was dried again in the

oven at 105ꢀ°C for 1 hr. The filter paper was then

cooled in a desiccator for 15 min before being

reweighed to determine the amount of

undissolved residue (equation 2).

gum,

carboxymethylcellulose, and microencapsule

had their infrared spectra recorded using

Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy (Alpha

II-Bruker) at wave numbers ranging from 500 to

4000 cm-¹. Using a SEM-EDX JEOL JSM-6510LA,

the morphology form of the microencapsule

produced by the microencapsulation method

were examined.

Antioxidant activity

c−b

a×(100−D)

Solubility (%) = 1- [(

)×100%]

(2)

The antioxidant activity was assessed using the

100

2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

(DPPH)

radical

scavenging method. Briefly, 3 mL of a freshly

prepared 0.1 mM DPPH solution in methanol was

mixed with aliquots of the sample solutions

Where, a: weight of sample used (g); b: weight of

filter paper (g); c: weight of filter paper and

residue (g); d: moisture content of the sample (%).

prepared at various concentrations. As

a

negative control, mL of methanol was

2

Stability and efficiency

combined with 3 mL of the DPPH solution, while

ascorbic acid was employed as the positive

control. All sample preparations and incubations

were carried out in the dark rom. Following

thorough mixing, the reaction mixtures were

incubated for a specified duration (commonly 30

min) at room temperature. Subsequently, the

absorbance of each mixture was measured

spectrophotometrically at 515 nm using a UV-Vis

spectrophotometer. The percentage of DPPH

radical scavenging activity was calculated using

equation 4.

One gram of microcapsules was placed in a

sealed vial and incubated at 60ꢀ°C for a period of

12 days. The total phenolic content was

determined on days 0, 6, and 12 to assess

product stability as a function of storage duration

and temperature. Microencapsulation efficiency

was expressed as the ratio of the total phenolic

content encapsulated (a) to the total phenolic

content measured prior to encapsulation (b)

(equation 3).

a

% ME = × 100 %

(3)

b

Abs.blank−Abs. sample

% Inhibition =

× 100% (4)

Abs.blank

Notes ME: microencapsulation efficiency; a: total

phenolics successfully encapsulated; b: total phenolics

before encapsulation.

A_blankis the absorbance of the negative control

(methanol + DPPH).

Result and Discussion

103

I.L.Tarigan et al.

Chempublish Journal,9(1) 2025,100-119

substances are known to be able to suppress

autooxidation through a radical capture process

The ethanol extract of Sungkai leaves is known to

be positive for flavonoids, steroids, tannins,

phenolics, saponins, and alkaloids based on the

findings of phytochemical screening (Table 2).

The results of previous studies also reported

positive results for the same group of

compounds [23]. The total phenolic content was

determined in this study using the Folin-

Ciocalteau method with gallic acid solution as the

standard. The total phenolic content can be

determined from the linear regression equation

obtained from the gallic acid standard calibration

curve, which can be seen in Figure 1.

Table 2. Phytochemical Test Results of the

Ethanol Extract and microencapsule

Secondary

metabolites

Flavonoids

Extract

Microencapsule

+

Tannins

+

-

+

-

+

Phenolics

Saponins

Triterpenoids

Steroids

Alkaloids

The connection between absorbance and gallic

acid standard solution concentration (mg/L) is

depicted in Figure 1. For the typical solution of

gallic acid, the linear regression equation is y =

0,0047x + 0,000322 with R²= 0.998. To calculate

the total phenolic content of Sungkai leaf extract,

use this equation. The total phenolic content of

the ethanol extract of Sungkai leaves is calculated

to be 71,828 mg GAE/g extract based on the data.

The determination of total phenolic content aims

to see the correlation between antioxidant

activity and total phenolic content. By giving one

electron from a free radical's unpaired electron

so that there are fewer free radicals, polyphenolic

Figure 1. Gallic acid standard calibration curve

Table 3. LC-MS/MS Metabolite Profile Ethanol Extract of P. canescens

RT (min)

13.318

15.473

14.036

Measured (m/z)

375.1253

313.0555

Formulas

C₂₃H₂₀O₅

C₁₃H₁₄O₉

Proposed metabolite

5-O-Methylchamanetin

Salicyl Acyl Glucuronide

Dexylosyl Pradimicin C

693.1954

C₃₄H₃₄N₂O₁₄

13.45

399.1213

383.1269

535.2431

699.609

C₁₅H₂₄N₂O₇S

C₄₉H₇₀N₁₄O₁₁

C₂₅H₄₀N₂O₇S

C₄₉H₇₈O₂

Lactacystin

Asn Asn Asn

Lipoxin D4

22:5 Cholesteryl Ester

Clerodendrin A

Arg Asp Phe

Tetrahydro-azepinoquinolines

(dimethyl-[2-[(4-pyrimidin-2-

13.809

14.694

16.491

20.994

9.857

3.654

17.928

607.272

C₃₁H₄₂O₁₂

437.2138

317.0385

295.1703

C₁₉H₂₈N₆O₆

C₁₄H₁₇Cl₃N₂

C₁₃H₂₃N₆S

ylpiperazine-1-

carbothioyl)amino]ethyl]azanium)

17.568

293.1905

C₂₁H₂₅O

2-methylbuta-1,3-diene:styrene;hydroxide

18.839

21.354

353.2475

621.2868

C₁₆H₃₇N₂O₄S

C₂₇H₄₅N₂O₁₄

N,N-dimethylethanamine;dodecylazanide;sulfate

(hydrogen peroxide;4-(4- oxocyclohexyl) cyclohexan-

1- one;5-(7-oxooxepan-4-yl) oxepan-2-one) urea

2- [(4,4-Dimethyl-2-propan-2- ylhexanoyl) amino]

ethyldimethyl-(4- sulfobutyl)azanium)

19.724

393.2782

C₁₉H₄₁N₂O₄S

104

I.L.Tarigan et al.

Chempublish Journal,9(1) 2025,100-119

Salicyl Acyl Glucuronide

5-O-Methylchamanetin

Clerodendrin A

Lactacystin

Figure 2. Some chemical structures that play bioactivities

LC-MS/MS analysis was performed on the crude

ethanol extract of Peronema canescens (sungkai)

leaves to profile the chemical constituents. Liquid

Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

(LC-MS/MS) is a powerful analytical technique

that integrates the physical separation capacity

of liquid chromatography with the high sensitivity

and specificity of mass spectrometric detection.

In this method, liquid chromatography initially

separates the complex mixture into individual

abundances of the detected compounds in the

form of peak plots. Through interpretation of the

mass spectra and comparison with reference

databases, the molecular weights and structural

information of the detected constituents can be

determined. In the present study, the analysis

identified a total of 15 active compounds in the

sungkai leaf extract, as summarized in Table 3.

These compounds are considered to contribute

to the observed biological activities of the extract

(Figure 2).

components

based

on

their

differential

interactions with the stationary phase of the

chromatographic column and their affinities for

the mobile phase.

Microencapsulation yield

The resulting microcapsules generally exhibited a

color consistent with that of the original extract,

ranging from dark green to light green, and

presented as solid spherical particles (Figure 3).

One of the key quantitative metrics for evaluating

Subsequently, as each eluted compound exits

the chromatographic column, it undergoes

ionization and is introduced into the mass

spectrometer, where the resulting charged ions

are detected and measured. This process

generates comprehensive data that include

the

efficiency

and

effectiveness

of

a

microencapsulation process is the percentage

yield. The yield values of P. canescens leaf ethanol

extract microcapsules are shown in Table 4.

retention

fragmentation

times,

molecular

masses,

for

and

the

patterns,

allowing

elucidation of molecular structures, confirmation

of compound identities, and quantitative

estimation of the analytes present in the extract.

The highest yield was recorded for sample A1,

with a value of 94.625ꢀ±ꢀ0.625%, whereas the

lowest yield was observed for sample M3,

amounting to 89.325ꢀ±ꢀ0.650%. Variations in yield

are influenced, among other factors, by the water

content of the raw materials. Lower water

The LC-MS/MS analysis yields chromatograms

displaying the retention times and relative

105

I.L.Tarigan et al.

Chempublish Journal,9(1) 2025,100-119

content results in a smaller proportion of water

mass within the material; consequently, upon

drying, the product becomes more compact and

lighter, thereby affecting the final yield [24].

Additionally, the extent to which the extract is

successfully encapsulated exerts a substantial

impact on yield. A higher proportion of extract

effectively entrapped within the wall matrix

corresponds to a higher percentage of product

recovery [25].

(a)

(c)

(b)

(d)

(g)

(e)

(h)

(f)

(i)

Figure 3. The photograp of microencapsules; A1(a), I1 (b), M1 (c), A2 (d), I2 (e), M2 (f), A3 (g), I3 (h), M3 (i).

Table 5 as a per cent solubility. According to Table

Table 4. Percent yield of microencapsule

3, sample A1 with Arabic gum dressing material

had a maximum microencapsulate solubility per

cent in water of 98.95%, whereas sample M1 with

maltodextrin dressing material had a maximum

of 99.38%. This outcome aligns with previous

research findings: micro encapsulants with

maltodextrin as a dressing material are more

soluble in water compared to microencapsulated

prepared using Arabic gum and inulin as dressing

Samples

% Yield ± SEM

94.625 ± 0.625

92.825 ± 0.650

91.612 ± 0.637

93.887 ± 0.612

91.637 ± 0.621

89.700 ± 0.725

93.162 ± 0.662

89.875 ± 0.675

89.325 ± 0.650

A₁

A₂

A₃

I₁

I₂

I₃

M₁

M₂

M₃

materials

microencapsulated product was observed to

decrease progressively with increasing

[16].

The

solubility

of

the

concentrations of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC).

Water solubity of microencapsule

This trend can be attributed to the rise in viscosity

associated with higher CMC content, which in

turn slows the drying process and results in

elevated

microcapsules. The high moisture content

adversely affects dispersibility, as the

microcapsules tend to aggregate and form

The product's water solubility impacts the

release of active compounds after applying

microencapsule.

A

good microencapsule is

residual

moisture

within

the

expected to have a high aqueous solubility value.

The data for the microencapsule of an ethanol

extract of sungkai leaves in water are shown in

106

I.L.Tarigan et al.

Chempublish Journal,9(1) 2025,100-119

cohesive clumps upon contact with water,

thereby hindering the development of porous

structures necessary for effective dissolution.

Consequently, the microencapsulated material

exhibits a reduced capacity to absorb and

incorporate water [26]..

Microencapsulation Efficiency

The encapsulation efficiency data are presented

in Table 6. In general, higher

a

microencapsulation efficiency indicates reduced

loss of bioactive compounds during processing

and storage, thereby enhancing the stability and

functional properties of the encapsulated

extract. The efficiency of microencapsulation is

influenced by multiple factors, including the

Table 5. Water solubility of Microencapsule

Samples

% Solubility ± SEM

98.845 ± 0.105

97.565 ± 0.105

97.130 ± 0.340

96.300 ± 0.210

95.470 ± 0.160

94.925 ± 0.105

99.475 ± 0.105

98.060 ± 0.050

97.62 ± 0.260

A₁

A₂

A₃

I₁

I₂

I₃

M₁

M₂

M₃

concentration

and

physicochemical

characteristics of the wall polymers, their

solubility, and the solvent evaporation dynamics

that occur during the encapsulation process

[15,29].

In this study, the highest microencapsulation

efficiency for the ethanol extract of Peronema

canescens leaves was observed in the A1

microcapsule formulation, reaching 80.09 ±

0.105%.

This

suggests

that

the

specific

Stability of microencapsules

combination and proportion of encapsulating

agents in this formulation provided more

effective entrapment and protection of the

extract’s active constituents. Conversely, the

lowest efficiency was recorded in the A3 and M3

microcapsule samples, with values of 63.50%,

indicating a relatively higher proportion of

compound loss or incomplete encapsulation.

The stability test was conducted on extracts that

had not been encapsulated and those that had

been encapsulated with various coatings. Figure

4 displays the outcomes of the stability test on P.

canescens leaf extract. From Figure 4 , it can be

seen that the ethanol extract that has not been

microencapsulated has a percentage of total

phenolic content reduction of 2.695% every unit

of time. The percentage of decrease in total

phenolic content can be seen from the slope of

the regression equation, which is 2.695. The

negative sign indicates a decrease in phenolic

content. These results also show that each

increase in the number of heating days will cause

a decrease in total phenolics of 2.695% in P.

canescens extract. These results indicate that

phenolic compounds in the ethanol extract that

are not microencapsulated have poor stability

when heated. Storage of samples in an oven at

60⁰C can reduce the levels of phenolic

compounds in the material because bioactive

compounds such as phenolics can be damaged

at temperatures above 50⁰C.

Table 6. Microencapsulation efficiency

Samples Microencapsulation Efficiency (%)

A₁

A₂

A₃

I₁

I₂

I₃

M₁

M₂

M₃

80.09 ± 0.105

72.98 ±.0.105

63.50 ± 0.260

77.71 ± 0.050

78.24 ± 0.340

70.61 ± 0.160

75.34 ± 0.210

65.86 ± 0.340

63.50 ± 0.050

Furthermore, the data demonstrated a clear

trend whereby increasing concentrations of

carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in the wall

material composition resulted in decreased

Figure 4 demonstrates that the ethanol extract of

P. canescens leaves that has been encapsulated

has higher phenolic stability than the extract that

has not been encapsulated. The findings of this

study are consistent with those of previous

studies, who found that microencapsulating

extract can both increase its shelf life and

safeguard its active ingredients [27–29].

microencapsulation

efficiency.

This

phenomenon may be attributed to the increased

viscosity and potential phase separation during

solvent evaporation, which can hinder uniform

droplet formation and reduce the encapsulation

yield. Overall, these findings highlight the

107

I.L.Tarigan et al.

Chempublish Journal,9(1) 2025,100-119

importance of optimizing polymer selection and

concentration to achieve desirable encapsulation

performance and ensure the stability of bioactive

compounds during storage.

emulsifying properties and can form a coating

due to its protein content [30]. Gum arabic is a

better dressing material than maltodextrin in the

encapsulation process of Cocoa pod extract

(Theobroma

cacao L.).

This

is

because

The type of dressing material greatly affects the

maltodextrin has a very low emulsifier and layer-

forming ability, which can lead to a lack of

microencapsulation efficiency [28].

encapsulation efficiency. Gum arabic is

a

dressing

material

because

it

has

good

A

B

Stability chart of microencapsule with gum arabic coating

Extract the stability graph

16

material

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

y = -0,1773x + 14,453

R² = 0,9869

14

12

10

8

y = -0,3902x + 13,46

R² = 0,9357

A1

A2

A3

y = -0.2837x + 11,545

R² = 0,9797

y = -2.695x + 71.403

R² = 0.9979

6

4

2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Day

C

D

Stability chart of microencapsule with maltodextrin coating

material

Stability chart of microencapsule with inulin coating

material

16

14

12

10

8

14

12

10

8

y = -0,2482x + 13,885

R² = 0,9932

y = -2,695x + 71,403

R² = 0,9979

M1

y = -0,3732x + 11,157

R² = 0,9648

y = -0,3192x + 12,183

R² = 0,9959

I1

M2

M3

I2

I3

6

y = -0,7092x + 12,538

R² = 0,9967

4

y = -0,5318x + 11,757

R² = 0,9985

4

2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Day

E

Stability graph of best microencapsule

16

14

12

10

8

y = -0,1773x + 14,453

R² = 0,9869

y = -0,2482x + 13,885

R² = 0,9932

MI

A1

I1

y = -2,695x + 71,403

R² = 0,9979

6

4

2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Day

Figure 4. Stability test results of extracts and microencapsules (A) graph of extract stability test results;

(B) graph of microencapsule stability test results using Arabic gum dressing; (C) graph of

microencapsule stability test results using inulin dressing (D) graph of microencapsule stability

test results using maltodextrin dressing; (E) graph of best microencapsule stability test results

A1, I1, and M1

108

I.L.Tarigan et al.

Chempublish Journal,9(1) 2025,100-119

Morphology of microencapsules

inulin, and maltodextrin dressing material can be

observed at 2500 and 5000 magnification

variations. Figure 5 displays a picture of the

microencapsule's morphological structure.

Using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), the

morphological

structure

of

the

best

microencapsule products from each Arabic gum,

(A)

(B)

(C)

Figure 5. SEM analysis results (A) Morphological structure of the microencapsule A₁(B): Morphological

structure of microencapsule I₁(C) Morphological structure of microencapsule M₁

Using maltodextrin (M1) and inulin (I1) dressing

materials during the microencapsulation process

resulted in particles of various sizes, an irregular

surface structure, and deep depressions in the

walls. A better microencapsules surface structure

was obtained using Arabic gum, A1, as a dressing

material.

This

result

allows

the

microencapsulated with Arabic gum dressing

material to have better stability. Microencapsule

should have a homogeneous and smooth surface

with a slightly rounded shape with minimal folds

and wall cracks [17]. Microencapsules with rough

109

I.L.Tarigan et al.

Chempublish Journal,9(1) 2025,100-119

surfaces are more sensitive to oxidation

reactions than those with smooth surfaces [17].

This result is supported by the data from the

microencapsule stability test results, which show

that A1 microencapsule has better stability

compared to I1 and M1 microencapsule.

water of 98.95%, whereas sample M₁with

maltodextrin dressing material had a maximum

of 99.38%. According to previous studies, the

higher the maltodextrin concentration, the

higher the solubility value [37]. Maltodextrin, a

water-soluble

polysaccharide,

can

bind

hydrophobic compounds and disperse them

uniformly in solution. Its hydroxyl groups interact

with water, helping retain moisture in the

material. Increasing maltodextrin concentrations

improve yield, reflecting its enhanced capacity to

coat extracts through emulsion formation, film

development, and coating flexibility [38–40].

The encapsulation is known as one of the most

widely used techniques to protect bioactive

compounds from various environmental factors

and even helps to increase the efficiency of drug

delivery systems effectively [31], moisture, and

light; hence, it can extend the shelf life of the

product and avoid damage [29,31]. The process

of forming encapsulation methods on the scale

of microparticles proved to be more effective and

efficient, especially in drug doses and the

reaction speed in reaching the target cell. One of

A1 microencapsule has the highest stability and

a percentage decrease in total phenolic content

ranging from 0.1773% to 0.1773% per time unit,

is known from this investigation. When

compared to other microencapsule, A1 is the

most effective at protecting phenolic chemicals.

This is because microencapsule with good

oxidation protection are created when 90% gum

arabic and 10% CMC are combined. Previous

studies claimed that by raising viscosity,

thickening agents can improve the stability of the

coating substance. However, if thickening agents

are added in excess, the extract will not be

adequately covered, allowing for fast destruction

due to inadequate protection [28].

the

factors

that

influence

encapsulation

technology is the type and ratio of coating

material, concentration and structure of the

active substances, emulsion properties, and

drying process variables, which are important

factors to be considered in the encapsulated

powder's physical and chemical properties [32].

Arabic gum belongs to a protein coating material

that has good layer-forming, binding, and

emulsifying properties that boost yield [33].

Maltodextrin has a low surface activity, which

leads to a subpar microencapsulation procedure

[34].

Treatment

of

variations

(CMC) concentration

in

a

IR – Microencapsule Spectrum

carboxymethylcellulose

Fourier-Transform Infra Red (FTIR) analysis was

used to identify the functional groups in

secondary metabolite compounds from ethanol

extracts, coatings, and microencapsule products.

The wavelengths used in this study ranged from

4000 to 500 cm^-1. The results of the FTIR

characteristics of sungkai leaf ethanol extract,

coatings, and microencapsule products can be

seen in Figure 6. The results of the interpretation

of the functional groups of the microencapsule,

the ethanol extract, and the of the coating

material are shown in Table 5.

showed a decrease in per cent yield with each

increase in CMC concentration. The increase in

CMC content causes the diffusivity of water (the

ability of water to move) to decrease so that the

efficiency of extract coating decreases.

Treatment of the type of coating material showed

that the encapsulation efficiency with gum arabic

coating material was greater than that of

maltodextrin, even inulin coating material. The

type of coating material greatly influences the

efficiency of the encapsulation process. Gum

arabic is a coating material because it has good

emulsifying properties and can form a layer/film

[35]. The good emulsifying properties of gum

arabic are due to its protein content. Gum arabic

is a better coating material than maltodextrin in

the microencapsulation process of cardamom

oleoresin [36].

The results of the FTIR spectra analysis in Table 5

indicate that the peaks appearing at wavelengths

2850–2970 and 1340–1470 cm^-1are likely to

indicate the presence of C-H Alkane functional

groups. At wavelengths of 675–995 cm^-1, a peak

appears, which is likely to indicate the presence

of the C-H Alkene functional group. Peaks at

wavelengths of 690–900 cm^-1are likely to indicate

the presence of C-H functional groups in

A₁with gum arabic dressing material had a

maximum microencapsule solubility percent in

110

I.L.Tarigan et al.

Chempublish Journal,9(1) 2025,100-119

aromatic rings, which usually appear at

wavelengths of 3010–3100 and 690–900 cm^-1.

Peaks at wavelengths of 3200–3600 cm^-1indicate

the

presence

of

hydrogen-bonded

O-H

alcohol/phenol functional groups, which usually

appear at these wavelengths.

Figure 6. Comparative IR spectra of the microencapsules (A1, I1, M1), the extracts, and all component

materials incorporated in the formulations (gum arabic, inulin, maltodextrin, and CMC). The

spectra highlight characteristic functional groups and potential interactions, indicating

successful microencapsulation through cross-linking reactions.

111

I.L.Tarigan et al.

Chempublish Journal,9(1) 2025,100-119

Table. 7 IR spectrums of microencapsules

No. Functional groups

a

Wave number (cm^-1)

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

1

2

3

Alkane (C-H)

2871

887

2924

985

2857

933

2928

909

2920

920

2930

915

2924

913

2990

913

Alkene (C-H)

Aromatic ring (C-H)

690-

900

690-

900

690-

900

690-

900

690-

900

690-

900

690-

900

690-

900

4

Hydrogen/

alcohol (O-H)

phenol

bonded

3200-

3600

3200-

3600

3200-

3600

3200-

3600

3200-

3600

3200-

3600

3200-

3600

3200-

3600

5

6

7

8

Alkene (C=C)

1610

1600

2150

1349

1613

1603

2112

1348

1631

1602

2150

1349

1610

1611

1630

1632

1606

2120

1263

-

Aromatic ring (C=C)

Alkyne (C≡C)

-

2110

1322

Amine/amide (C-N)

1255

9

Alcohol/

/esters (C-O)

carboxylic

acids

1288

1734

1288

1735

-

1076

1732

1052

-

10

Aldehydes/ ketones/

Carboxylic acid/ester (C=O)

(a) A1 microencapsule; (b) I1 microencapsulet; (c) M1 microencapsule; (d) gum arabic; (e) inulin; (f) maltodextrin; (g)

ethanol extract of sungkai leaves; (h) carboxymethylcellulose (CMC).

Peaks at wavelengths of 2500–2700 cm^-1may

indicate the presence of O-H functional groups in

carboxylic acid monomers or hydrogen bonds in

carboxylic acids. A peak appears at wavelengths

of 3300–3500 cm^-1which may indicate the

presence of N-H amine or amide functional

groups [38,41]. Peaks appear at wavelengths of

1610–1680 cm^-1which may indicate the presence

of C=C alkene functional groups. Peaks appear at

wavelengths of 1180–1360 cm^-1which may

indicate the presence of C-N amine or amide

functional groups that usually appear at these

wavelengths. Peaks appear at wavelengths of

1050–1300 cm^-1indicate the presence of C-O

alcohol, ether, carboxylic acid, or ester functional

groups. The peak that appears at a wavelength of

1690–1760 cm-1 is likely to indicate the presence

of the C=O aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, or

ester functional group. And the peak that

appears at a wavelength of 1370 cm^-1is likely to

indicate the presence of the NO₂functional

group of nitro compounds that usually appear at

a wavelength of 1300–1370 cm^-1.

variable strength in the area of 2106 and 2158

cm-1 in the encapsulated ethanol extract of

sungkai leaves [22]. The ethanol extract of

sungkai leaves has been perfectly encapsulated

or

physically

trapped

in

the

tween-80-

glutaraldehyde complex, according to the

interpretation of the spectra shown in Table 5, so

that the functional groups present in the extract

are also present in the microencapsule product

The C≡C alkyne functional group, which is

formed from tween-80 and glutaraldehyde, is

absorbed in the form of a broad peak with

variable strength in the area of 2106 and 2158

cm^-1in the encapsulated ethanol extract of

sungkai leaves [22]. The ethanol extract of

sungkai leaves has been perfectly encapsulated

or

physically

trapped

in

the

tween-80-

glutaraldehyde complex, according to the

interpretation of the spectra shown in Table 5, so

that the functional groups present in the extract

are also present in the microencapsule product.

The FTIR spectral data presented in Table 7

confirm the formation of microencapsulation

through cross-linking interactions between

functional groups. Key absorption bands were

The C≡C alkyne functional group, which is

formed from tween-80 and glutaraldehyde, is

absorbed in the form of a broad peak with

112

I.L.Tarigan et al.

Chempublish Journal,9(1) 2025,100-119

observed across all samples, indicating the

presence of major functional groups involved in

the encapsulation matrix. Broad absorption in

the range of 3200–3600 cm⁻¹ corresponds to O–

H stretching vibrations, suggesting the presence

of hydroxyl groups from polysaccharides such as

were attributed to the formation of cross-links

between amino acid chains of gelatin. These

spectral changes are indicative of the chemical

interactions leading to the stabilization of the

microcapsule structure.

The FTIR spectrum shows a wide absorption

band at wave numbers 3200-3600 cm^-1which

indicates a loosening of the O-H (hydroxyl) and

wave numbers at 2850-2970 and 1340-14700 cm^-

gum

arabic,

inulin,

maltodextrin,

and

carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), as well as plant-

based bioactive compounds. The slight shifts and

broadening of this peak in different samples

indicate hydrogen bonding interactions, which

are commonly involved in the formation of a

stable encapsulation network. The presence of

C=O stretching bands in the region of 1732–1735

cm⁻¹ and C–O stretching around 1052–1288 cm⁻¹

points to carbonyl and ester functionalities,

1

indicate stretching the C-H bond. The

encapsulation formulation and the coating

material have almost the same spectrum, the

peak appearing at a wavelength of 675-995 cm^-1,

which indicates the presence of the C-H Alkene

functional group, which usually appears at a

wavelength of 675-995 cm^-1. The FT-IR spectra of

Tween-80 showed a major band of C-H at 675-

995 cm^-1, and the transmittance value decreased

in the encapsulation results. Meanwhile, the

major band in maltodextrin at 1050-1300 cm^-1C-

O stretching, the same band appears in all

encapsulates; this is the same as previous

research [42]. Theoretically, the occurrence of a

which

are

typically

associated

with

polysaccharides and organic acids. Shifts in these

regions imply the occurrence of electrostatic

interactions or covalent bonding, such as

esterification, contributing to the cross-linking

mechanism within the microcapsule structure.

Absorption peaks in the 2850–2960 cm⁻¹ range

correspond to aliphatic C–H stretching, indicating

the organic backbone of the encapsulating

materials remains intact. These functional

cross-linking

reaction

between

Ca²⁺

and

maltodextrin affects the intensity of the

asymmetry, and symmetry COO- stretching was

observed at 1594 cm^-1, and a weak symmetric

peak was presented at 1400–1500cm^-1Also a

peak appearing at a wavelength of 1733 cm^-1

groups

likely

engage

in

non-covalent

interactions, maintaining the structural integrity

of the microcapsules. Moreover, signals detected

around

1300–1400

cm⁻¹

represent

C–N

indicates

the

presence

of

the

C=O

stretching vibrations, commonly found in amines

and amide groups, which further support the

hypothesis of interaction between nitrogen-

Aldehid/ketone/carboxylic acid/ester functional

group, which usually appears at a wavelength of

1690-1760 cm^-1. The results of the comparison of

the FT-IR spectra between the coating and the

containing

compounds

and

hydroxyl-

or

carboxyl-bearing wall materials [22].

encapsulation

results

show

that

an

These findings are consistent with previous

studies. For instance, in the microencapsulation

of ginger volatile oil using gelatin and sodium

alginate, FTIR analysis revealed the formation of

amide bonds between the amino groups of

gelatin and the carboxyl groups of alginate,

encapsulation is formed, and it can be seen that

all the spectra present in the encapsulation

material appear on the encapsulation.

In conclusion, the FTIR spectral analysis in this

study confirms the successful formation of

microencapsulation

through

cross-linking

indicating

complex

successful

coacervation.

cross-linking during

Similarly, in the

interactions among hydroxyl, carbonyl, ester,

and amine groups. These interactions contribute

to the formation of a cohesive and stable matrix

capable of effectively entrapping bioactive

compounds, aligning with findings from similar

research endeavors.

preparation

microcapsules

oxytetracycline,

of

for

cross-linked

controlled

chitosan

delivery

of

FTIR

spectra

showed

characteristic bands corresponding to amide and

phosphate groups, confirming the formation of

ionic

cross-links

between

chitosan

and

Antioxidant activities

hexametaphosphate. Furthermore, studies on

the cross-linking of gelatin capsules with

aldehydes demonstrated changes in the FTIR

spectra, particularly in the amide regions, which

An antioxidant activity test was conducted on

three microencapsule with the best physico-

113

I.L.Tarigan et al.

Chempublish Journal,9(1) 2025,100-119

chemical characteristics using the DPPH method

high dressing also causes puffing or ballooning

and particle cracking. At a certain concentration

of maltodextrin addition, the antioxidant quality

and the ability to capture free radicals will be

better [44]. The treatment of dressing type

showed that gum arabic had greater antioxidant

spectrophotometrically

to

determine

the

antioxidant activity based on the IC₅₀value

obtained from measuring the absorbance value.

According to Table 6, ascorbic acid, used as a

positive control, had an IC₅₀value of 5.695 (mg/L),

meaning that 5.695 (mg/L) of ascorbic acid is

needed to reduce the concentration of DPPH by

50%. According to this number, ascorbic acid has

highly potent antioxidant activity. Strong group

IC₅₀is between 50 and 100 mg/L, medium group

IC⁵⁰is between 101 and 150 mg/L, and weak

group IC₅₀is between 150 and 200 mg/L. A

chemical is stated to have extremely strong

antioxidant activity if the IC₅₀value is less than 50

mg/L [21].

activity

than

maltodextrin.

The

use

of

maltodextrin dressing has high oxidation

resistance properties. It can reduce the viscosity

of the emulsion combined with other dressings

with better emulsifying properties that cause

antioxidants in the encapsulate to be enveloped

and well protected [45].

Gum arabic binder has better emulsifying

properties

than

maltodextrin.

Antioxidant

activity is also influenced by the properties of

gum arabic binder, which can form texture, form

film, bind and emulsify well so that gum arabic

can maintain the core material of the product

because the gum arabic binder can form a layer

that can protect the core material from the

process of destructive changes [12,46,47]. The

antioxidant activity of the encapsulate is related

to the total phenol content. A high total phenol

content of the encapsulate will result in high

antioxidant activity as well. Hence, the ability of

the antioxidant to donate electrons in terms of

suppressing the development of free radicals is

also higher. Protection using the encapsulation

process can prevent degradation due to light or

oxygen radiation and slow evaporation, then will

minimise the loss of antioxidants due to

oxidation [48].

Table 8. Antioxidant activity of microencapsule

Samples

IC₅₀(mg/L)

121.176

124.675

139.503

65.02

A₁

I₁

M₁

Extract

Ascorbic acid

5.695

The antioxidant activity assay of ethanol extracts

of P. canescens leaves microencapsulated with

different carriers showed IC₅₀ values ranging

from 121.176 to 139.503 mg/L. Among these,

microencapsule A1 exhibited the highest IC₅₀

value, indicating the lowest antioxidant activity

compared to the others. The variations in

antioxidant activity across microcapsulants are

attributable to differences in the content of

secondary metabolites in the encapsulated

The antioxidant activity of the samples was

evaluated based on IC₅₀ values obtained from the

DPPH radical scavenging assay, as summarized in

Table 8. IC₅₀ represents the concentration of

sample required to inhibit 50% of DPPH radicals,

with lower values indicating stronger antioxidant

capacity. Among all the samples tested, the crude

extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity,

with an IC₅₀ value of 65.02 mg/L. This suggests a

high presence of bioactive compounds—

extracts.

As

shown

in

Figure

4,

A1

microencapsule retained higher amounts of

phenolic compounds. Antioxidant activity is

closely related to total phenolic content, as these

compounds can donate hydrogen atoms to

neutralize DPPH radicals.

Maltodextrin is stable against oxidising agent but

has poor emulsification capacity and stability and

low oil retention. Maltodextrin can also reduce

viscosity and has the property to prevent

oxidation so that the antioxidants will be well

enveloped [27,43]. The concentration of the

dressing also plays an important role in the

encapsulation process. Too high amount of

dressing makes the emulsion dense, which

makes the atomisation process difficult. The too-

particularly

phenolic

and

flavonoid

constituents—which are known for their free

radical scavenging capabilities.

In contrast, the microencapsule (A₁, I₁, and M₁)

demonstated moderately reduced antioxidant

activity, with IC₅₀ values of 121.176 mg/L, 124.675

mg/L, and 139.503 mg/L, respectively. Among

them, the gum arabic-based microcapsule (A₁)

114

I.L.Tarigan et al.

Chempublish Journal,9(1) 2025,100-119

retained the highest antioxidant activity, followed

by the inulin-based (I₁) and maltodextrin-based

(M₁) systems. The choice of wall material plays a

significant role in determining antioxidant

preservation. Maltodextrin, for example, has

good oxidation resistance and can reduce

mg/L. This result validates the reliability of the

assay and confirms that the tested plant extract

possesses moderate antioxidant potential when

compared with a well-established antioxidant

standard.

Conclusions

emulsion

viscosity,

which

helps

protect

encapsulated antioxidants. However, it also has

poor emulsification capacity and low oil

retention, which can limit its effectiveness as a

The crude extract exhibited the highest

antioxidant activity, indicating a rich presence of

active compounds, while microencapsulation

slightly reduced this activity, with the gum arabic-

based formulation (A₁) retaining the most

antioxidant potential among the encapsulated

sole

encapsulating

agent.

Excessive

concentrations of maltodextrin may further

increase emulsion density, making atomization

difficult

ballooning, or particle cracking during drying.

Conversely, at optimal concentrations,

and

potentially

causing

puffing,

samples. The A1 microencapsule had

a

homogenous, smooth surface and a slightly

rounded shape as well as few wall folds and

cracks, which suggested that the product would

have higher stability, according to the results of

morphological study performed using SEM. The

maltodextrin can improve the stability and

antioxidant quality of the microcapsules [49].

Overall, gum arabic produced microcapsules

with higher antioxidant activity compared to

maltodextrin. This may be attributed to gum

arabic’s superior emulsifying properties, which

enhance the encapsulation efficiency and

protection of antioxidant compounds during

processing and storage. Combining maltodextrin

with other wall materials that possess better

emulsifying capacity can further improve

encapsulation performance and antioxidant

retention [50].

ethanol

extract

of

sungkai

leaves

was

successfully encapsulated, according to the

findings of functional group analysis using FTIR.

Acknowledgement

The authors express their sincere gratitude to

Universitas Jambi for providing research funding

through the Fundamental Scheme, under

Contract

Number

276/UN21.11/PT.01.05/SPK/2022, dated May 17,

2022.

Moreover, the IR-fingerprint supports these

conclusions. Characteristic absorption bands

observed in the spectra confirm the presence of

functional groups involved in hydrogen bonding

and cross-linking, such as –OH (3200–3600 cm⁻¹),

C=O (1730–1735 cm⁻¹), and C–O (1050–1280

cm⁻¹). These interactions suggest that phenolic

hydroxyl groups from the extract are likely bound

or encapsulated within the wall matrix through

hydrogen bonding or electrostatic interactions.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, ILT; ML. and F; Methodology,

F; ILT; Software, RDP; ML; Validation, ILT; ML and

MBS; Formal Analysis,

ILT; F; and ML;

Investigation, F; ILT; Resources, ML; Data

Curation, ILT, F, ML, MBS; Writing – Original Draft

Preparation, ILT, F.; Writing – Review & Editing,

ML; MBS; Visualization, ILT; RDP; Supervision,

ML.;

Project

Administration,

ILT;

Funding

Acquisition, ML; ILT; RDP.

The

reduced

antioxidant

activity

in

microencapsulated forms may thus be attributed

to the encapsulation of these active sites, which

limits their immediate availability in the DPPH

assay. Despite this decrease in apparent

antioxidant activity, the encapsulation process

remains beneficial for practical applications. It

enhances the physicochemical stability of

bioactive compounds and allows for targeted

release, which is particularly valuable in

functional food or pharmaceutical formulations.

Furthermore, ascorbic acid was used as a positive

control, displaying a remarkably low IC₅₀ of 5.695

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

[1].

Latief M, Lizawati, Tarigan IL, Muhaimin,

Sari PM. Screening of antibiotic candidates

from nine medicinal plants Jambi Province.

In: AIP Conference Proceedings. Vol 080004.

; 2023.

[2].

Ningsih A, Ibrahim A. Aktivitasi Antimikroba

Ekstrak Fraksi n-heksan daun Sungkai

115

I.L.Tarigan et al.

Chempublish Journal,9(1) 2025,100-119

(Peronema

canescens.

Jack)

terhadap

Application

of

Physical-Chemical

beberapa bakteri dengan metode KLT-

Bioautografi. Journal of Tropical Pharmacy

Approaches for Encapsulation of Active

Substances in Pharmaceutical and Food

and

Chemistry.

2013;2(2):76-82.

Industries.

doi:10.3390/foods12112189

Foods.

2023;12(11):1-17.

doi:10.25026/jtpc.v2i2.51

[3].

Latief M, Sari PM, Fatwa LT, Tarigan IL,

Rupasinghe HPV. Antidiabetic Activity of

Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack) Leaves

Ethanol Extract on the Male Mice Induced

Alloxan Monohydrate. Pharmacology and

Clinical Pharmacy Research. 2021;6(2):64.

doi:10.15416/pcpr.v6i2.31666

[11]. Liliana

SC,

Vladimir

VC.

Probiotic

of

encapsulation.

Microbiology Research. 2013;7(40):4743-

4753. doi:10.5897/ajmr2013.5718

African

Journal

[12]. Peng X, Umer M, Pervez MN, Hasan KMF,

Habib MA, Islam MS, Lin L, Xiong X, Naddeo

V,

Cai

Y.

Biopolymers-based

[4].

[5].

Latief M, Tarigan IL, Sari PM, Aurora FE.

Aktivitas Antihiperurisemia ekstrak Etanol

Daun Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack)

Pada Mencit Putih Jantan. Pharmacon

Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia. 2021;18(1):23-37.

doi:10.23917/pharmacon.v18i01.12880

Tarigan IL, Sutrisno S, Rumaida R, Aini IPS,

Latief M. Isolation of a Flavone Apigenin

and a Steroids Squalene from Peronema

microencapsulation

sustainable textiles development: A short

review. Case Studies in Chemical and

Environmental

2023;7(March):100349.

doi:10.1016/j.cscee.2023.100349

technology for

Engineering.

[13]. Kang YR, Lee YK, Kim YJ, Chang YH.

Characterization and storage stability of

chlorophylls

microencapsulated

in

canescens

Inflammatory Activities. Pharmacognosy

Journal. 2022;14(6):744-752.

Jack

Leaves

with

Anti-

different combination of gum Arabic and

maltodextrin.

Food

Chemistry.

2019;272(August

2018):337-346.

doi:10.5530/pj.2022.14.162

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.063

[14]. Todorović A, Šturm L, Salević-Jelić A, Levic S,

Črnivec IGO, Prislan I, Skrt M, Bjekovic A,

Ulrih NP, Nedovic V. Encapsulation of

Bilberry Extract with Maltodextrin and

Gum Arabic by Freeze-Drying: Formulation,

Characterisation, and Storage Stability.

[6].

[7].

[8].

[9].

Fikriansyah M, Nelson, Latief M, Tarigan IL.

Anticancer activities of seven Peronemins

(A2, A3, B1, B2, B3, C1, and D1) from

Peronema canescens Jack: A prediction

studies. Chempublish Journal. 2023;7(1):54-

63. doi:10.22437/chp.v7i1.23726

Nurjannah S, Arum D, Tarigan IL, Latief M.

Processes.

doi:10.3390/pr10101991

[15]. Fernandes RVDB, Borges SV, Botrel DA.

Gum arabic/starch/maltodextrin/inulin as

wall materials on the microencapsulation

of rosemary essential oil. Carbohydrate

2022;10(10).

Anti-Inflammatory

prediction

of

Peronemin compounds from Sungkai

(Peronema canescens Jack) and their

derivatives. Al Ulum Jurnal Sains dan

Teknologi. 2023;9(2):59-66.

Bamidele

OP,

Emmambux

MN.

Polymers.

2014;101(1):524-532.

Encapsulation of bioactive compounds by

“extrusion” technologies: a review. Critical

Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition.

2021;61(18):3100-3118.

doi:10.1080/10408398.2020.1793724

Šeregelj V, Ćetković G, Čanadanović-Brunet

J, Tumbas Šaponjac V, Vulić J, Stajčić S.

Encapsulation and degradation kinetics of

bioactive compounds from sweet potato

peel during storage. Food Technology and

doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.09.083

[16]. Lourenço SC, Moldão-Martins M, Alves VD.

Microencapsulation of pineapple peel

extract by spray drying using maltodextrin,

inulin, and Arabic gum as wall matrices.

Foods.

2020;9(6):1-17.

doi:10.3390/FOODS9060718

[17]. Wyspiańska D, Kucharska AZ, Sokół-

Łętowska A, Kolniak-Ostek J. Effect of

microencapsulation on concentration of

isoflavones during simulated in vitro

digestion of isotonic drink. Food Science and

Biotechnology.

doi:10.17113/ftb.58.03.20.6557

[10]. Řepka D, Kurillová A, Murtaja Y, Lapčík L.

2020;58(3):314-324.

Nutrition.

2019;7(2):805-816.

116

I.L.Tarigan et al.

Chempublish Journal,9(1) 2025,100-119

doi:10.1002/fsn3.929

Antioxidants,

2023:12,

1900.

[18]. Tarigan IL, Muadifah A, Susanto NCA, Huda

https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12101900

[26]. Spada JC, Marczak LDF, Tessaro IC, Noreña

CPZ. Microencapsulation of β-carotene

using native pinhão starch, modified

pinhão starch and gelatin by freeze-drying.

International Jorunal of Food Science and

C. Antibacterial Activity of Ethyl Acetate and

Cream

atropurpureus

Staphylococcus

Journal

Formulation

of

Coleus

Against

leaves

aureus.

Indonesia.

Pharmaceutical

2021;7(1):1-8.

of

doi:10.21776/ub.pji.2021.007.01.1

[19]. Latief M, Tarigan IL, Muhaimin M, Amanda

Technology.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02825.x

2012;47(1):186-194.

H,

characterization of ethyl acetate fraction

from abroma augusta as an anti-

inflammatory agent. Makara Journal of

Science. 2021;25(2):98-107.

Yulianti

ND.

Isolation

and

[27]. Tran N, Tran M, Truong H, Le L. Spray-

Drying

Microencapsulation

of

High

l

Concentration of Bioactive Compounds

Fragments from Euphorbia hirta L. Extract

and Their Effect on Diabetes Mellitus.

doi:10.7454/mss.v25i2.1173

Foods.

2020;9(7).

[20]. Latief M, Nelson N, Amanda H, Tarigan IL,

Aisyah S. Potential Tracking of Cytotoxic

doi:10.3390/foods9070881

[28]. Zen MB, Ganda Putra GP, Suhendra L.

Characteristics of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao

L.) Pod Shell Extract Encapsulate in

Treatment of Variations in Type and

Concen-tration of Coating Materials. Jurnal

Rekayasa dan Manajemen Agroindustri.

2021;9(3):356.

doi:10.24843/jrma.2021.v09.i03.p09

[29]. Pourashouri P, Shabanpour B, Razavi SH,

Jafari SM, Shabani A, Aubourg SP. Impact of

Activities

of

Mangrove

Perepate

(Sonneratia alba) Root Extract as an Anti-

Cancer Candidate. Pharmacology and

Clinical Pharmacy Research. 2020;5(2):48-

55. doi:10.15416/pcpr.v5i2.26790

[21]. Šukele R, Lauberte L, Kovalcuka L, et al.

Chemical Profiling and Antioxidant Activity

of Tanacetum vulgare L. Wild-Growing in

Latvia.

doi:10.3390/plants12101968

[22]. Ananda HD, Nuralang, Tarigan IL, Susanto

NCA, Nelson. Microencapsulation of

Plants.

2023;12(10).

wall

properties of microencapsulated fish oil by

spray drying. Food and Bioprocess

Technology. 2014;7(8):2354-2365.

materials

on

physicochemical

Fermented Red Palm Oil with L. casei as

Nutracetical Source. Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia

dan Lingkungan. 2022;17(2):138-151.

doi:10.1007/s11947-013-1241-2

[30]. Piñón-Balderrama CI, Leyva-Porras C,

Terán-Figueroa Y, Espinosa-Solís V, Álvarez-

Salas C, Saavedra-Leos MZ. Encapsulation

of active ingredients in food industry by

[23]. Ma’ruf M, Bachri MS, and Nurani LH.

Phytochemical Screening Analysis and

Determination of Total Flavonoids and

Total Phenolics Content of Ethanol Extract

of Sungkai Leaf (Penorema canescens Jack)

from Samarinda City. Jurnal Mandala

Pharmacon Indonesia, 2023;9(2), 262–272.

https://doi.org/10.35311/jmpi.v9i2.360

spray-drying

technologies.

and

nano

spray-drying

2020;8(8).

Processes.

doi:10.3390/PR8080889

[31]. Klojdová I, Milota T, Smetanová J,

Stathopoulos C. Encapsulation: A strategy

to deliver therapeutics and bioactive

[24]. Ferreira S, Piovanni GMO, Malacrida CR,

Nicoletti VR. Influence of emulsification

methods and spray drying parameters on

compounds?

Pharmaceuticals.

2023;16(3):1-19. doi:10.3390/ph16030362

[32]. Timilsena YP, Haque MA, Adhikari B.

Encapsulation in the food industry: A brief

the

oleoresin. Emirates Journal of Food and

Agriculture. 2019;31(7):491-500.

microencapsulation

of

turmeric

Historical

Overview

to

Recent

doi:10.9755/ejfa.2019.v31.i7.1968

[25]. Fuentes Y, Giovagnoli-vicuña C, Fa M,

Giordano A. Microencapsulation of Chilean

Papaya Waste Extract and Its Impact on

Physicochemical and Bioactive Properties.

Developments. Food and Nutrition Sciences.

2020;11(06):481-508.

doi:10.4236/fns.2020.116035

[33]. Makouie S, Alizadeh M, Maleki O,

Khosrowshahi A. Optimization of wall

117

I.L.Tarigan et al.

Chempublish Journal,9(1) 2025,100-119

components for encapsulation of Nigella

2018;11(4):574-586.

sativa seed oil by freeze-drying. Indonesian

Food Science and Technology Journal.

2020;3(1):1-9. doi:10.22437/ifstj.v3i1.7857

doi:10.3923/ajsr.2018.574.586

[41]. Wei NS, Sulaiman R. Effect of Maltodextrin,

Arabic

Gum,

and

Beetroot

Juice

[34]. Prince

M

V., Thangavel K, Meda V,

Concentration on the Powder Properties of

Spray-Dried Beetroot-Skim Milk Mixtures.

Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis Series E: Food

Visvanathan R, Ananthakrishnan D. Effect

of carrier blend proportion and flavor load

on physical characteristics of nutmeg

Technology.

2022;26(2):209-224.

(Myristica

microencapsulated

International Food

2014;21(5):2039-2044.

[35]. Siregar TM,

frangrans

Houtt.)

by spray

Research

oleoresin

drying.

Journal.

doi:10.2478/aucft-2022-0017

[42]. Wongverawattanakul C, Suklaew P on,

Chusak C, Adisakwattana S, Thilavech T.

Encapsulation of Mesona chinensis Benth

Extract in Alginate Beads Enhances the

Stability and Antioxidant Activity of

Margareta

M.

Microencapsulation of Carotenoids from

Red Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) Peels

Extract. Journal of Physics: Conference Series.

Polyphenols

Gastrointestinal

under

Digestion.

Simulated

Foods.

Vol 1351.

6596/1351/1/012031

[36]. Krishnan S, Bhosale R, Singhal RS.

;

2019. doi:10.1088/1742-

2022;11(15). doi:10.3390/foods11152378

[43]. Kibici D, Kahveci D. Effect of Emulsifier

Type, Maltodextrin, and β-Cyclodextrin on

Physical and Oxidative Stability of Oil-In-

Water Emulsions. Journal of Food Science.

2019;84(6):1273-1280. doi:10.1111/1750-

3841.14619

[44]. Hartiati A, Mulyani S. The Effect of

Maltodextrin Concentration and Drying

Temperature to Antioxidant Content of

Sinom Beverage Powder. Agriculture and

Agricultural Science Procedia, 2015; 3; 231-

234. doi:10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.01.045

Microencapsulation

of

cardamom

oleoresin: Evaluation of blends of gum

arabic, maltodextrin and a modified starch

as wall materials. Carbohydrate Polymers.

2005;61(1):95-102.

doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.02.020

[37]. Ningsih R, Sudarno, Agustono. The Effect of

maltodextrin

characteristics of Snappers’ (Lutjanus sp.)

Peptone. IOP Conference Series: Earth and

concentration

on

the

Environmental

Science.

2019;236(1).

[45]. Gupta

SS,

Ghosh

M.

Formulation

doi:10.1088/1755-1315/236/1/012127

[38]. Yuliawaty ST, Susanto WH. Effect of Drying

Time and Concentration of Maltodextrin

on The Physical chemical and organoleptic

Characteristic of Instant Drink Noni Leaf

(Morinda citrifolia L). Jurnal Pangan dan

Agroindustri. 2015;3(1):41-51.

[39]. Musdalifa, Chairany M, Haliza N, Bastian F.

Microencapsulation of three natural dyes

from butterfly pea, Sappan wood, and

turmeric extracts and their mixture base

on cyan, magenta, yellow (CMY) color

concept. Canrea Journal Food Technology,

Nutritions, Culinary Journal. 2021;4(2):91-

101. doi:10.20956/canrea.v4i2.496

development and process parameter

optimization of lipid nanoemulsions using

an alginate-protein stabilizer. Journal of

Food

2015;52(5):2544-2557.

doi:10.1007/s13197-014-1348-0

[46]. Akdeniz B, Sumnu G, Sahin S. The effects of

maltodextrin and gum Arabic on

encapsulation of onion skin phenolic

Science

and

Technology.

compounds.

Transactions.

doi:10.3303/CET1757316

Chemical

Engineering

2017;57:1891-1896.

[47]. Iesa NB, Chaipoot S, Phongphisutthinant R,

et al. Effects of Maltodextrin and Gum

Arabic Composition on the Physical and

Antioxidant Activities of Dewaxed Stingless

[40]. Mahmoud

KF,

Ali

HS,

of

Amin

AA.

Nanoencapsulation

bioactive

Bee

Cerumen.

Foods.

2023;12(20).

compounds extracted from Egyptian

prickly pears peel fruit: Antioxidant and

their application in Guava juice. Asian

doi:10.3390/foods12203740

[48]. Zehiroglu C, Ozturk Sarikaya SB. The

importance of antioxidants and place in

today’s scientific and technological studies.

Journal

of

Scientific

Research.

118

I.L.Tarigan et al.

Chempublish Journal,9(1) 2025,100-119

Journal of Food Science and Technology.

2019;56(11):4757-4774.

doi:10.1007/s13197-019-03952-x

[49]. Shaygannia S, Eshaghi MR, Fazel M,

Hashemiravan

Microencapsulation

M.

The

of

Effect

of

Phenolic

Compounds from Lemon Waste by Persian

and Basil Seed Gums on the Chemical and

Microbiological Properties of Mayonnaise.

Preventive Nutrition and Food Science.

2021;26(March):82-91.

[50]. Babu A, Shams R, Dash KK, Shaikh AM,

Kovác

B.

Protein-polysaccharide

complexes and conjugates: Structural

modifications and interactions under

diverse treatments. Journal of Agriculture

and

Food

Research

2024;18.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101

510

119