Uniqueness of Layered Double Hydroxide Materials: A Critical Review of Synthesis Methods, Properties, Composites, and Remediation Mechanism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22437/chp.v9i2.46671Keywords:
Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs), LDH composites, Advanced materials, Surface modificationAbstract
Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs) are a class of anionic clays known for their tunable structure, high surface area, and versatile ion exchange capabilities, making them highly attractive for environmental remediation. This critical review explores the uniqueness of LDH materials by examining recent advancements in their synthesis methods, structural and physicochemical properties, and the development of LDH-based composites. Various synthesis approaches including co-precipitation, hydrothermal, and mechanochemical methods are evaluated in relation to their influence on LDH morphology, stability, and functionality. The review also highlights the integration of LDHs with other materials such as metal oxides, carbon-based supports, and metal organic frameworks (MOFs), which enhance their photocatalytic and adsorptive performances. Special attention is given to the mechanisms underlying pollutant removal, including ion exchange, surface complexation, and photocatalytic degradation. Comparative analysis of different modifications reveals trends in application performance and identifies current challenges that must be addressed to optimize LDHs for large-scale and multi-functional environmental applications. This review provides critical insight into the future potential of LDH materials as sustainable and efficient solutions for water and wastewater treatment.
Downloads
References
[1] J. Cao, Z. Feng, H. Liang, X. Lu, and W. Wang. (2023). “Oriented self-assembly of anisotropic layered double hydroxides (LDH) with 2D-on-3D hierarchical structure.” Chemical Engineering Journal. 472 May: 144872. 10.1016/j.cej.2023.144872.
[2] E. Boccalon, G. Gorrasi, and M. Nocchetti. (2020). “Layered double hydroxides are still out in the bloom: Syntheses, applications and advantages of three-dimensional flower-like structures.” Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. 285. 102284. 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102284.
[3] S. Nie et al. (2023). “Hierarchical Fe3O4@LDH-incorporated composite anion exchange membranes for fuel cells based on magnetic field orientation.” Surfaces and Interfaces. 37. 102640. 10.1016/j.surfin.2023.102640.
[4] P. Wang, X. Zhang, B. Zhou, F. Meng, Y. Wang, and G. Wen. (2023). “Recent advance of layered double hydroxides materials: Structure, properties, synthesis, modification and applications of wastewater treatment.” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 11 6:. 111191. 10.1016/j.jece.2023.111191.
[5] M. Daniel, G. Mathew, M. De, and N. Bernaurdshaw. (2023). “012 facets modulated LDH composite for neurotoxicity risk assessment through direct electrochemical profiling of dopamine.” Chemosphere. 342. 140177. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140177.
[6] W. Boulaiche, B. Hamdi, and M. Trari. (2019). “Removal of heavy metals by chitin: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies.” Applied Water Science. 9 2:. 1–10. 10.1007/s13201-019-0926-8.
[7] Z. Jiang et al. (2024). “Layered double hydroxide@zeolite composite modified sponge: A versatile biocarrier for enhancing nitrogen removal in biofilters.” Chemical Engineering Journal. 481. 148686. 10.1016/j.cej.2024.148686.
[8] A. C. Bouali, M. Serdechnova, C. Blawert, J. Tedim, M. G. S. Ferreira, and M. L. Zheludkevich. (2020). “Layered double hydroxides (LDH) as functional materials for the corrosion protection of aluminum alloys: A review.” Applied Materials Today. 21. 100857. 10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100857.
[9] M. Zarei, T. Ebadi, B. Ramavandi, and S. J. Peighambardoust. (2023). “Photocatalytic decomposition of methylene blue and methyl orange dyes using pistachio biochar/CoFe2O4/Mn-Fe-LDH composite as H2O2 activator.” Surfaces and Interfaces. 43. 103571. 10.1016/j.surfin.2023.103571.
[10] Y. Gu, Z. Yang, J. Zhou, Q. Fang, X. Tan, and Q. Long. (2024). “Graphene/LDH hybrid composites synthesis and application in environmental protection.” Separation and Purification Technology. 328. 125042. 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.125042.
[11] J. Qian, Y. Zhang, Z. Chen, Y. Du, and B.-J. Ni. (2023). “NiCo layered double hydroxides/NiFe layered double hydroxides composite (NiCo-LDH/NiFe-LDH) towards efficient oxygen evolution in different water matrices.” Chemosphere. 345. 140472. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140472.
[12] H. Latuconsina. (2010). “Dampak pemanasan global terhadap ekosistem pesisir dan lautan.” Agrikan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agribisnis dan Perikanan. 3 1:. 30. 10.29239/j.agrikan.3.1.30-37.
[13] Y. Deng, Q. Guan, L. He, J. Li, L. Peng, and J. Zhang. (2021). “The photothermal stability of CNFs/ZnAl-LDH composited films: Influence of the crystal morphology of ZnAl-LDH.” Carbohydrate Polymers. 263. 117981. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117981.
[14] A. Farhan et al. (2024). “Progress in layered double hydroxides (LDH): Synthesis and application in adsorption, catalysis and photoreduction.” Science of The Total Environment. 912. 169160. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169160.
[15] Z. Xu et al. (2024). “Insight into ion exchange behavior of LDH: Asynchronous chloride adsorption and intercalated ions release processes.” Cement and Concrete Composites. 147. 105433. 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2024.105433.
[16] M. Chen et al. (2024). “Improve corrosion resistance of steel bars in simulated concrete pore solution by the addition of EDTA intercalated CaAl-LDH.” Corrosion Science. 226. 111636. 10.1016/j.corsci.2023.111636.
[17] S. Kumari et al. (2024). “Layered double hydroxides based composite materials and their applications in food packaging.” Applied Clay Science. 247. 107216. 10.1016/j.clay.2023.107216.
[18] B. S. Yadav and S. Dasgupta. (2022). “Effect of time, pH, and temperature on kinetics for adsorption of methyl orange dye into the modified nitrate intercalated MgAl LDH adsorbent.” Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 137. 109203. 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109203.
[19] S. S. Elanchezhiyan and S. Meenakshi. (2017). “Synthesis and characterization of chitosan/Mg-Al layered double hydroxide composite for the removal of oil particles from oil-in-water emulsion.” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 104. 1586–1595. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.095.
[20] G. Ding, C. Sun, M. Wang, G. Cheng, J. Liu, and Y. Hu. (2024). “Effect of different metal ratios on the synthesis, morphology and microwave absorption properties of DDM–RGO@Co1–xFex–LDH porous composites.” Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 159 July 2023:. 10.1016/j.inoche.2023.111775.
[21] M. Daud et al. (2019). “A review on the recent advances, challenges and future aspect of layered double hydroxides (LDH)– Containing hybrids as promising adsorbents for dyes removal.” Journal of Molecular Liquids. 288. 110989. 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.110989.
[22] J. Bai et al. (2024). “The adsorption-photocatalytic synergism of LDH-based nanocomposites on the removal of pollutants in aqueous environment: A critical review.” Journal of Cleaner Production. 436. 140705.
[23] S. Mutahir et al. (2024). “Facile synthesis of Zn/Co LDH for the removal of oxytetracycline from wastewater: Experimental and DFT-Based analysis.” Chemical Engineering Science. 283. 119399. 10.1016/j.ces.2023.119399.
[24] X. J. Zhao et al. (2023). “Theoretical study on the mechanism of super-stable mineralization of LDH in soil remediation.” Chemical Engineering Journal. 451 P1:. 138500. 10.1016/j.cej.2022.138500.
[25] A. Inayat, M. Klumpp, and W. Schwieger. (2011). “The urea method for the direct synthesis of ZnAl layered double hydroxides with nitrate as the interlayer anion.” Applied Clay Science. 51 4:. 452–459. 10.1016/j.clay.2011.01.008.
[26] X. Hu, W. Zheng, M. Wu, L. Chen, and S. Chen. (2023). “Composites of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and LDH for energy storage and environmental applications: Fundamentals, progress, and perspectives.” Sustainable Materials and Technologies. 37. e00691. 10.1016/j.susmat.2023.e00691.
[27] L. Santamaría, S. A. Korili, and A. Gil. (2023). “Layered double hydroxides for CO2 adsorption at moderate temperatures: Synthesis and amelioration strategies.” Chemical Engineering Journal. 455. 140551. 10.1016/j.cej.2022.140551.
[28] Rohmatullaili et al. (2024). “A series of MgAl layer double hydroxide-based materials intercalated with Clitoria ternatea flower extract as photocatalysts in the ciprofloxacin degradation.” Chemical Physics Impact. 8 February: 100587. 10.1016/j.chphi.2024.100587.
[29] A. I. Boulahbal, L. Santamaría, A. Azizi, M. Boutahala, S. A. Korili, and A. Gil. (2023). “Synthesis of Cu-Al layered double hydroxides from aluminum saline slags.” Minerals Engineering. 204 August: 108413. 10.1016/j.mineng.2023.108413.
[30] X. Wu et al. (2025). “Calcined COF-LDH adsorbent with memory effect: Enhanced removal of anionic and cationic dyes from wastewater.” Desalination. 615 May:. 10.1016/j.desal.2025.119229.
[31] H. Lyu, K. Hu, J. Fan, Y. Ling, Z. Xie, and J. Li. 3D hierarchical layered double hydroxide/carbon spheres composite with hollow structure for high adsorption of dye, 500. Elsevier B.V, 2020.10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144037.
[32] K. T. Bünning, T. H. Kim, V. Prevot, C. Forano, and U. G. Nielsen. (2023). “The effect of Zr(IV) addition on the phosphate removal properties of MgAl-LDH.” Applied Clay Science. 245 September: 107125. 10.1016/j.clay.2023.107125.
[33] N. Normah et al. (2021). “Size Selectivity of Anionic and Cationic Dyes Using LDH Modified Adsorbent with Low-Cost Rambutan Peel to Hydrochar.” Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis. 16 4:. 869–880. 10.9767/bcrec.16.4.12093.869-880.
[34] Y. D. G. Edañol, J. A. O. Poblador, T. J. E. Talusan, and L. M. Payawan. (2020). “Co-precipitation synthesis of Mg-Al-CO3layered double hydroxides and its adsorption kinetics with phosphate(V) ions.” Materials Today: Proceedings. 33 xxxx: 1809–1813. 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.059.
[35] X. Liu, T. Sun, Y. Sun, A. Manshina, and L. Wang. (2024). “Polyoxometalate-based peroxidase-like nanozymes.” Nano Materials Science. January:. 10.1016/j.nanoms.2024.03.002.
[36] M. Kostić et al. (2022). “Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of a new material based on MgCoAl-LDH: Characterization and optimization of sorption for progressive treatment of water.” Environmental Technology and Innovation. 26. 10.1016/j.eti.2022.102358.
[37] Normah, N. R. Palapa, T. Taher, R. Mohadi, H. P. Utami, and A. Lesbani. (2021). “The Ability of Composite Ni / Al-carbon based Material Toward Readsorption of Iron ( II ) in Aqueous Solution.” Science and Technology Indonesia. 6 3:. 156–165.
[38] A. Wijaya, N. Ahmad, L. Hanum, E. Melwita, and A. Lesbani. (2025). “Spirogyra sp. macro-algae-supported NiCr-LDH adsorbent for enhanced remazol red dye removal.” Results in Surfaces and Interfaces. 18 January: 100427. 10.1016/j.rsurfi.2025.100427.
[39] M. Amirahmadi, S. Hosseinkhani, M. Hosseini, P. Yaghmei, and A. Heydari. (2023). “Fe3O4@SiO2@NiAl-LDH microspheres implication in separation, kinetic and structural properties of phenylalanine dehydrogenase.” Heliyon. 9 9:. e19429. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19429.
[40] M. A. Farghali et al. (2022). “Optimized adsorption and effective disposal of Congo red dye from wastewater: Hydrothermal fabrication of MgAl-LDH nanohydrotalcite-like materials.” Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 15 11:. 104171. 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104171.
[41] M. H. Banan Khojasteh, M. R. Majidi, E. Saeb, and K. Asadpour-Zeynali. (2023). “Hydrothermal assisted ultrasonic synthesis of MgFe-LDH as a simple and eco-friendly method for electrochemical detection of vitamin B6.” Materials Today Chemistry. 28. 101370. 10.1016/j.mtchem.2022.101370.
[42] A. Kim, I. Varga, A. Adhikari, and R. Patel. (2021). “Recent Advances in Layered Double Hydroxide-Based Electrochemical and Optical Sensors.” Nanomaterials. 11 11:. 2809. 10.3390/nano11112809.
[43] K. Tamura, Y. Wu, C. Kato, M. Kamon, N. Iyi, and Y. Watanabe. (2022). “Hydrothermal in situ synthesis of high-crystallinity layered double hydroxide on electrospun polyacrylonitrile non-woven membrane: Application as anion capture filter.” Applied Clay Science. 228. 106639. 10.1016/j.clay.2022.106639.
[44] N. Liu et al. (2023). “UV stabilizer intercalated layered double hydroxide to enhance the thermal and UV degradation resistance of polypropylene fiber.” Polymer Testing. 121 February: 107979. 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2023.107979.
[45] M. Li, X. Chen, J. He, S. Liu, Y. Tang, and X. Wen. (2024). “Porous NiCo-LDH microspheres obtained by freeze-drying for efficient dye and Cr(VI) adsorption.” Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 976. 173107. 10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.173107.
[46] H. Yamada, K. Tamura, Y. Watanabe, N. Iyi, and K. Morimoto. (2011). “Geomaterials: Their application to environmental remediation.” Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 12 6:. 10.1088/1468-6996/12/6/064705.
[47] I. Takanashi et al. (2023). “Synthesis of layered double oxide with high specific surface area by innovative sol-gel method through its application to arsenate anion adsorption.” Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 960. 170865. 10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.170865.
[48] I. Mohammadi, T. Shahrabi, M. Mahdavian, and M. Izadi. (2022). “A novel corrosion inhibitive system comprising Zn-Al LDH and hybrid sol-gel silane nanocomposite coating for AA2024-T3.” Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 909. 164755. 10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164755.
[49] G. Viscusi. (2024). “Fabrication of hierarchical Zn-Al structures onto cellulose through urea hydrolysis methodology: Design and study of physical properties.” Journal of Molecular Structure. 1295. 136739. 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.136739.
[50] D. Brahma and H. Saikia. (2022). “Synthesis of ZrO2/MgAl-LDH composites and evaluation of its isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamic properties in the adsorption of congo red dye.” Chemical Thermodynamics and Thermal Analysis. 7. 100067. 10.1016/j.ctta.2022.100067.
[51] R. Aladpoosh and M. Montazer. (2022). “Functionalization of cellulose fibers alongside growth of 2D LDH platelets through urea hydrolysis inspired Taro wettability.” Carbohydrate Polymers. 275. 118584. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118584.
[52] A. A.-E. Sakr, T. Zaki, O. Elgabry, M. A. Ebiad, S. M. El-Sabagh, and M. M. Emara. (2021). “Enhanced CO2 capture from methane-stream using MII -Al LDH prepared by microwave-assisted urea hydrolysis.” Advanced Powder Technology. 32 11:. 4096–4109. 10.1016/j.apt.2021.09.016.
[53] C. Guo et al. (2021). “Rapid in situ synthesis of MgAl-LDH on η-Al2O3 for efficient hydrolysis of urea in wastewater.” Journal of Catalysis. 395. 54–62. 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.12.024.
[54] R. Wang, S. Su, X. Ren, and W. Guo. (2021). “Polyoxometalate intercalated La-doped NiFe-LDH for efficient removal of tetracycline via peroxymonosulfate activation.” Separation and Purification Technology. 274. 119113. 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119113.
[55] J. Liu et al. (2014). “Synthesis and thermal properties of ZnAl layered double hydroxide by urea hydrolysis.” Powder Technology. 253. 41–45. 10.1016/j.powtec.2013.11.007.
[56] S. Liu, Y. Zhang, L. Hao, A. Nsabimana, and S. Shen. (2025). “Designing ternary Co-Ni-Fe layered double hydroxides within a novel 3D cross-flower framework for efficient catalytic performance in oxygen evolution reaction.” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 678 PC: 924–933. 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.09.185.
[57] Y. Zhang, R. bi Yin, Y. fei Wei, Z. yu Fan, and H. li Gao. (2025). “Co-based LDH for high-performance supercapacitors: Preparation methods, structural design, and performance optimization.” Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 541 May:. 10.1016/j.ccr.2025.216804.
[58] P. Gholami, L. Dinpazhoh, A. Khataee, A. Hassani, and A. Bhatnagar. (2020). “Facile hydrothermal synthesis of novel Fe-Cu layered double hydroxide/biochar nanocomposite with enhanced sonocatalytic activity for degradation of cefazolin sodium.” Journal of Hazardous Materials. 381 April: 120742. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120742.
[59] M. Utami et al. (2025). “Biosynthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles using roselle(Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) flower extractas photocatalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil.” Biomass and Bioenergy. 203 August: 108314. 10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108314.
[60] Y. Pei et al. (2024). “Synergistic effect and mechanism of nZVI/LDH composites adsorption coupled reduction of nitrate in micro-polluted water.” Journal of Hazardous Materials. 464 July 2023: 133023. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133023.
[61] Z. M. Mir, A. Bastos, D. Höche, and M. L. Zheludkevich. (2020). “Recent advances on the application of layered double hydroxides in concrete-A review.” Materials. 13 6:. 1–23. 10.3390/ma13061426.
[62] N. Ahmad, A. Wijaya, F. S. Arsyad, I. Royani, and A. Lesbani. (2024). “Layered double hydroxide-functionalized humic acid and magnetite by hydrothermal synthesis for optimized adsorption of malachite green.” Kuwait Journal of Science. 51 2:. 100206. 10.1016/j.kjs.2024.100206.
[63] M. Kaseem and Y. G. Ko. (2021). “A novel hybrid composite composed of albumin, WO3, and LDH film for smart corrosion protection of Mg alloy.” Composites Part B: Engineering. 204. 108490. 10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108490.
[64] X. Guan et al. (2022). “Adsorption behaviors and mechanisms of Fe/Mg layered double hydroxide loaded on bentonite on Cd (II) and Pb (II) removal.” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 612. 572–583. 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.151.
[65] L. Liu et al. (2022). “Hydrothermally prepared layered double hydroxide coatings for corrosion protection of Mg alloys – a critical review.” Corrosion Communications. 8. 40–48. 10.1016/j.corcom.2022.07.001.
[66] X. Ma et al. (2024). “High-performance aqueous rechargeable NiCo//Zn battery with molybdate anion intercalated CoNi-LDH@CP bilayered cathode.” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 658. 728–738. 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.102.
[67] M. P. Jerome, F. A. Alahmad, M. T. Salem, and M. Tahir. (2022). “Layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanomaterials with engineering aspects for photocatalytic CO2 conversion to energy efficient fuels: Fundamentals, recent advances, and challenges.” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 10 5:. 108151. 10.1016/j.jece.2022.108151.
[68] Y. Huang, C. Liu, L. Qin, M. Xie, Z. Xu, and Y. Yu. (2023). “Efficient Adsorption Capacity of MgFe-Layered Double Hydroxide Loaded on Pomelo Peel Biochar for Cd (II) from Aqueous Solutions: Adsorption Behaviour and Mechanism.” Molecules. 28 11:. 4538. 10.3390/molecules28114538.
[69] K. Zheng et al. (2022). “Hierarchical NiCo-LDH core/shell homostructural electrodes with MOF-derived shell for electrochemical energy storage.” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 619. 75–83. 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.03.056.
[70] Y. Cao, D. Zheng, F. Zhang, J. Pan, and C. Lin. (2022). “Layered double hydroxide (LDH) for multi-functionalized corrosion protection of metals: A review.” Journal of Materials Science and Technology. 102 September: 232–263. 10.1016/j.jmst.2021.05.078.
[71] H. Bian et al. (2023). “An improved method of MgFe-layered double hydroxide/ biochar composite synthesis.” Journal of Cleaner Production. 393. 136186. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136186.
[72] Q. Fang et al. (2021). “Application of layered double hydroxide-biochar composites in wastewater treatment: Recent trends, modification strategies, and outlook.” Journal of Hazardous Materials. 420 April: 126569. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126569.
[73] H. Bian et al. (2023). “MgFe-LDH@biochars for removing ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus from biogas slurry: Synthesis routes, composite performance, and adsorption mechanisms.” Chemosphere. 324. 138333. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138333.
[74] R. Mohadi, N. R. Palapa, and A. Lesbani. (2022). “M 2 + ( Ni , Cu , Zn )/ Al-LDH Composites with Hydrochar from Rambutan Peel and Study the Adsorption Efficiency for Organic Dyes.” 20 2:. 221–233. 10.32526/ennrj/20/202100218.
[75] M. S. Manzar, H. A. Aziz, L. Meili, I. Ihsanullah, P. Palaniandy, and M. A. Al-Harthi. (2023). “Insights into the adsorption of tetracycline onto cellulose nanocrystal structured MgAl/LDH composite.” Materials Chemistry and Physics. 299. 127247. 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.127247.
[76] P. Saikia, A. Gautam, and R. L. Goswamee. (2016). “Synthesis of nanohybrid alcogels of SiO2 and Ni-Cr/Mg-Cr-LDH: study of their rheological and dip coating properties.” RSC Advances. 6 113:. 112092–112102. 10.1039/c6ra23475e.
[77] O. Alagha, M. S. Manzar, M. Zubair, I. Anil, N. D. Mu’azu, and A. Qureshi. (2020). “Comparative adsorptive removal of phosphate and nitrate from wastewater using biochar-MgAl LDH nanocomposites: Coexisting anions effect and mechanistic studies.” Nanomaterials. 10 2:. 1–15. 10.3390/nano10020336.
[78] N. Normah and A. Lesbani. (2024). “Comparison of LDH-Organic/Inorganic Compound Modified Materials as Adsorbents for Heavy Metal Adsorption: Characteristic Structure and Adsorption Mechanism.” Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering and Catalysis. 19 2:. 327–339. 10.9767/bcrec.20160.
[79] A. D. Niatouri and B. Yadollahi. (2023). “A novel POM/LDH/GO nanocomposite as highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst in green epoxidation of alkenes with hydrogen peroxide.” Catalysis Communications. 185 November: 106808. 10.1016/j.catcom.2023.106808.
[80] X. Zhang, L. Yan, J. Li, and H. Yu. (2020). “Adsorption of heavy metals by L-cysteine intercalated layered double hydroxide: Kinetic, isothermal and mechanistic studies.” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 562. 149–158. 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.12.028.
[81] S. Mandal, S. Kalaivanan, and A. B. Mandal. (2019). “Polyethylene glycol-modified layered double hydroxides: Synthesis, characterization, and study on adsorption characteristics for removal of acid orange II from aqueous solution.” ACS Omega. 4 2:. 3745–3754. 10.1021/acsomega.8b02743.
[82] Y. Wang and L. Zhang. (2020). “Improved performance of 3D hierarchical NiAl-LDH micro-flowers via a surface anchored ZIF-8 for rapid multiple-pollutants simultaneous removal and residues monitoring.” Journal of Hazardous Materials. 395 January: 122635. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122635.
[83] D. E. Lee, D. Jin Kim, S. Moru, W. K. Jo, and S. Tonda. (2023). “Face-to-face interfacial assembly of a hybrid NiAl-LDH@BiOIO3 photocatalyst for the effective solar-induced abatement of antibiotic and dye pollutants: Insights into surface engineering and S-scheme charge transfer.” Applied Surface Science. 640 May: 158302. 10.1016/j.apsusc.2023.158302.
[84] S. Nayak, A. C. Pradhan, and K. M. Parida. (2018). “Topotactic Transformation of Solvated MgCr-LDH Nanosheets to Highly Efficient Porous MgO/MgCr2O4 Nanocomposite for Photocatalytic H2 Evolution.” Inorganic Chemistry. 57 14:. 8646–8661. 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01517.
[85] F. Jebelli, H. Hasheminejad, and K. Zarean Mousaabadi. (2024). “Efficient photocatalytic decolorization of textile wastewater using Fe-Mo LDH/ZnO nanocomposite: A sustainable approach for environmental remediation.” Journal of Water Process Engineering. 59. 104981. 10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.104981.
[86] U. Costantino, R. Vivani, M. Bastianini, F. Costantino, and M. Nocchetti. (2014). “Ion exchange and intercalation properties of layered double hydroxides towards halide anions.” Dalton Transactions. 43 30:. 11587–11596. 10.1039/c4dt00620h.
[87] Q. Xu et al. (2023). “Process and mechanism of recovering layered double hydroxides (LDH) from acid mine drainage (AMD) and synergetic removal of manganese.” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 11 5:. 110844. 10.1016/j.jece.2023.110844.
[88] A. V. Radha, P. V. Kamath, and C. Shivakumara. (2005). “Mechanism of the anion exchange reactions of the layered double hydroxides (LDH) of Ca and Mg with Al.” Solid State Sciences. 7 10:. 1180–1187. 10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2005.05.004.
[89] W. Zhang et al. (2019). “Ultrasound-assisted adsorption of Congo red from aqueous solution using Mg–Al–CO 3 layered double hydroxide.” Applied Clay Science. 174 April: 100–109. 10.1016/j.clay.2019.03.025.
[90] X. Zhang et al. (2019). “Expanded graphite/NiAl layered double hydroxide nanowires for ultra-sensitive, ultra-low detection limits and selective NO: X gas detection at room temperature.” RSC Advances. 9 16:. 8768–8777. 10.1039/c9ra00526a.
[91] Y. Li et al. (2023). “Soil Remediation from Metal(Loid) Pollution: Advances in Hydrotalcite-Based Intercalation Materials Research.” Sustainability. 15 23:. 16508. 10.3390/su152316508.
[92] Y. Zeng, X. Li, Y. Chen, and S. Li. (2023). “High-Efficiency Adsorption of Cr(VI) and Mn(VII) from Wastewater by a Two-Dimensional Copper-Based Metal-Organic Framework.” ACS Omega. 8 40:. 36978–36985. 10.1021/acsomega.3c04177.
[93] X. Liang et al. (2013). “Sorption of metal cations on layered double hydroxides.” Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 433. 122–131. 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.05.006.
[94] A. L. Johnston, E. Lester, O. Williams, and R. L. Gomes. (2021). “Understanding Layered Double Hydroxide properties as sorbent materials for removing organic pollutants from environmental waters.” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 9 4:. 105197. 10.1016/j.jece.2021.105197.
[95] W. Song et al. (2023). “Removal of various aqueous heavy metals by polyethylene glycol modified MgAl-LDH: Adsorption mechanisms and vital role of precipitation.” Journal of Molecular Liquids. 375. 121386. 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121386.
[96] Y. Wang et al. (2024). “Facile preparation of AlCo-LDH/sepiolite composites as peroxymonosulfate catalysts for efficient degradation of norfloxacin: Performance, reaction mechanism and degradation pathway.” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 12 2:. 112231. 10.1016/j.jece.2024.112231.
[97] H. Wang, W. Wang, S. Zhou, and X. Gao. (2023). “Adsorption mechanism of Cr(VI) on woody-activated carbons.” Heliyon. 9 2:. e13267. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13267.
[98] A. K. Singh, A. K. Chaubey, and I. Kaur. (2023). “Remediation of water contaminated with antibiotics using biochar modified with layered double hydroxide: Preparation and performance.” Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances. 10. 100286. 10.1016/j.hazadv.2023.100286.
[99] D. Wang, Y. Fu, and J. Yang. (2022). “Enhanced Fluoride Stabilization by Modified Layered Double Hydroxides for the Remediation of Soil Pollution: Performance and Mechanism.” Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 233 11:. 471. 10.1007/s11270-022-05938-6.
[100] J. Kameliya, A. Verma, P. Dutta, C. Arora, S. Vyas, and R. S. Varma. (2023). “Layered Double Hydroxide Materials : A Review on Their”.
[101] X. Feng et al. (2020). “Self-assembling 2D/2D (MXene/LDH) materials achieve ultra-high adsorption of heavy metals Ni2+ through terminal group modification.” Separation and Purification Technology. 253. 117525. 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117525.
[102] L. Tang, W. Chen, F. Li, J. Xu, Y. Shi, and H. Jiang. (2024). “The formation and adsorption mechanism studies of 3D hydrangea-like ZnFe-LDH/FeOOH for the highly efficient removal of phosphate.” Chemical Engineering Journal. 482. 148410. 10.1016/j.cej.2023.148410.
[103] A. I. Ibrahim and M. S. Vohra. (2025). “Novel TiO2@Mg/Fe-LDH for photocatalysis and adsorption of selenium species from wastewater: RSM & ANN/ML modeling.” Next Materials. 8 June: 100766. 10.1016/j.nxmate.2025.100766.
[104] A. Er-ramly and A. Ider. (2012). “Physico-chemical and mineralogical characterization of a Moroccan bentonite (Ibourhardaine) and determination of its nature and its chemical structure.” Physical and Chemical News. 65 2:. 58–65. 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140302.16.
[105] G. R. Jarre-Vera et al. (2024). “Structured design of a hydrochar-supported LDH/MOF composite for improved photocatalytic applications.” Results in Engineering. 24 November:. 10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103424.
[106] A. A. Khan and M. Tahir. (2025). “Self-assembled 2D/2D Z-scheme heterojunction of NiAl-LDH/protonated g-C3N4 on conductive 2D V2C MXene for high-performance solar-driven photocatalytic CO2 to fuel conversion.” Fuel. 400 May: 135692. 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135692.
[107] Y. O. Zubair, S. Fuchida, K. Oyama, and C. Tokoro. (2025). “Morphologically controlled synthesis of MgFe-LDH using MgO and succinic acid for enhanced arsenic adsorption: Kinetics, equilibrium, and mechanism studies.” Journal of Environmental Sciences. 148. 637–649. 10.1016/j.jes.2024.01.049.
[108] N. Ai, Q. Yan, C. Lai, Q. Wang, and J. Ren. (2023). “Improving the adsorption capacity of amino-modified Mg-Al LDH using a combined DFT and experiment.” Journal of CO2 Utilization. 71 February: 102454. 10.1016/j.jcou.2023.102454.
[109] A. Machrouhi et al. (2023). “Experimental and density functional theory studies of methyl orange adsorption on Ni-Al/LDH intercalated sodium dodecyl sulfate.” Chemical Physics Impact. 6 March: 100214. 10.1016/j.chphi.2023.100214.
[110] S. Qiu et al. (2023). “Efficient degradation of disodium adenosine triphosphate by Ca–Al-LDH-supported Fe-activated persulfate and in situ adsorption of the phosphate products.” Journal of Cleaner Production. 426. 139106. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139106.
[111] L. Huang, L. Wang, C. Wang, and X. Tao. (2022). “Effect of intercalation of flocculant on adsorption properties of ZnMgAl-LDH.” Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 135. 109127. 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.109127.
[112] P. Karthikeyan and S. Meenakshi. (2021). “Development of sodium alginate@ZnFe-LDH functionalized beads: Adsorption properties and mechanistic behaviour of phosphate and nitrate ions from the aqueous environment.” Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology. 3. 42–50. 10.1016/j.enceco.2020.11.003.
[113] Q. Xu et al. (2023). “Application of alkaline sludge based LDH in Cd and Cu polluted wastewater remediation: Process and mechanism.” Journal of Water Process Engineering. 56. 104270. 10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.104270.
Published
Versions
- 2026-01-20 (2)
- 2025-11-25 (1)
