Determinants of Work Fatigue in Damri Bus Drivers in The Jakarta Metropolitan Area (Jabodetabek)

Authors

  • Dinda Mariella La Basse Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jakarta
  • Chahya Kharin Herbawani Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jakarta
  • Agus Joko Susanto Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jakarta
  • Dyah Utari Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jakarta

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22437/jkmj.v9i2.46918

Keywords:

Caffeine Consumption, Drivers, Fatigue, Work Stress

Abstract

Bus drivers are among the occupational groups at high risk of experiencing work-related fatigue, which is a major contributing factor to traffic accidents. This study aims to identify factors associated with work fatigue among urban Damri bus drivers in the Jabodetabek area. A cross-sectional design was used in this study. This study included 98 drivers who met the eligibility criteria. There were two factors that caused fatigue examined in this study, namely internal factors (age, marital status, education level, smoking habits, nutritional status, alcohol consumption, caffeine consumption, and sleep quality) and external factors (mental workload, length of service, working hours, and work stress). Data were collected using standardized instruments: the Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory (SOFI) to measure fatigue levels, the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) for work stress, NASA-TLX for mental workload, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for sleep quality. Bivariate analysis was conducted using the chi-square test. The results showed that 45.9% of respondents experienced moderate levels of work fatigue. Caffeine consumption (p=0.042) and work stress (p=0.001) were significantly associated with work fatigue. Meanwhile, factors such as age, marital status, education level, nutritional status, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, sleep quality, mental workload, working hours, and years of service were not significantly associated. Caffeine consumption and work stress were key contributors to work fatigue among drivers, while other factors showed no significant association. It is recommended that the company implement stress management programs and regulate caffeine consumption among drivers.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1. Kessi ATF, Latief AWLL, Riski A. Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Kelelehan Kerja Pada Sopir Bus PO. Adhi Putra Makassar. Jurnal Berita Kesehatan. 2024 Dec;17(2):142–52.

2. Suma’mur. Higiene Perusahaan dan Kesehatan Kerja. 2nd ed. Jakarta: CV Sagung Seto; 2014.

3. NIOSH. U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024 [cited 2025 Mar 3]. Pusat Penelitian Pekerjaan dan Kelelahan. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/centers/fatigue.html

4. NIOSH. CDC. 2024 [cited 2025 Mar 7]. Driver Fatigue on the Job. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/motor-vehicle/driver-fatigue/index.html#:~:text=Whatever%20the%20source%20%E2%80%93%20lack%20of,a%20major%20workplace%20safety%20risk.

5. Direktorat Jederal Pembinaan Pengawasan Ketenagakerjaan. Profil Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja Nasional Indonesia Tahun 2022. 1st ed. Kementrian Ketenagakerjaan RI; 2022. 2022 p.

6. Komite Nasional Keselamatan Transportasi. Laporan Statistik Investigasi Kecelakaan Transportasi Tahun 2024 Semester 1. Jakarta Pusat; 2024 Sep.

7. KNKT. Laporan Investigasi Tabrakan Bus TransJakarta BMP 240 dengan Bus TransJakarta BMP 211, 25 Oktober 2021. 2022.

8. Shi J, Wang K. Fatigue driving detection method based on Time-Space-Frequency features of multimodal signals. Biomed Signal Process Control. 2023 Jul;84:104744.

9. United Nations Global Compact. A Safe and Healthy Working Environment A safe and healthy working environment [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 Apr 24]. Available from: https://unglobalcompact.org/take-action/safety-andhealth

10. Rachman I, Septiyanti, Mahmud NU. Faktor yang Berhubungan Dengan Kelelahan Kerja Pada Pengemudi Pengangkut Semen Curat PT. Prima Karya Manunggal (PKM) Kab. Pangkep. Window of Public Health Journal [Internet]. 2021 Dec [cited 2025 Feb 24];2(6):1127–35. Available from: https://jurnal.fkm.umi.ac.id/index.php/woph/article/view/320

11. Ratnaningtyas TO, Kusmawati F, Damayanti N, Faizal D, Indah FPS. Hubungan Karakteristik Individu dan Kualitas Tidur dengan Kelelahan Kerja pada Pekerja PT. Jaya Semanggi Enjiniring Di Kabupaten Bogor. MAP Midwifery and Public Health Journal [Internet]. 2022 Jun [cited 2025 Feb 24];2(1):2–24. Available from: https://openjournal.wdh.ac.id/index.php/MAP/article/view/401

12. Rofi’i A, Tejamaya M. Analisis Faktor Risiko Kelelahan Tidak Terkait Pekerjaan pada Pengemudi Dump Truck PT X Tahun 2022: Perbandingan Tiga Kuesioner Pengukuran Kelelahan Secara Subjektif. PROMOTIF: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat. 2022 Jun;12(1):56–65.

13. Vidi Quamilla J, Martiana T. The Correlations of Individual Factors and Work Stress with Work Fatigue on Fuel Tank Car Drivers. Media Publikasi Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia (MPPKI) [Internet]. 2022 Oct;5(10):1247–54. Available from: https://doi.org/10.31934/mppki.v2i3

14. Lini Kaca Ribu M, Shinta Sitorus N, Aditya Kurnia M, Deasy Siregar S. Faktor Risiko Kelelahan Kerja Pada Pengemudi Driver Online: Literature Review. Jurnal Kesehatan Tambusai. 2024 Mar;5(1).

15. Rad EH, Hosseinnia M, Mousavi N, Shekari A, Kouchakinejad-Eramsadati L, Khodadadi-Hassankiadeh N. Fatigue in taxi drivers and its relationship with traffic accident history and experiences: a cross-sectional study in the north of Iran. BMC Public Health. 2024 Dec 1;24(1).

16. Suparmam A, Wibowo S, Kekalih A, Ilyas M, Agustina A. Indonesian Version of Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory (SOFI): Validity and Reliability Test of Worker’s Fatigue Assessment Instrument. The Indonesian Journal of Community and Occupational Medicine. 2022 Nov;2(2):89–95.

17. Delvya Icha Sriningru. Pengukuran Beban Kerja Mental dan Tingkat Kelelahan pada Pegawai Daily Check (DC) PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) Depo Lokomotif Tanjungkarang Menggunakan Metode Draws dan Metode Sofi. Jupiter: Publikasi Ilmu Keteknikan Industri, Teknik Elektro dan Informatika. 2024 Jul 26;2(4):286–306.

18. Delhomme P, Gheorghiu A. Perceived stress, mental health, organizational factors, and self-reported risky driving behaviors among truck drivers circulating in France. J Safety Res. 2021 Dec;79:341–51.

19. Zainy MLS, Pratama GB, Kurnianto RR, Iridiastadi H. Fatigue Among Indonesian Commercial Vehicle Drivers: A Study Examining Changes in Subjective Responses and Ocular Indicators. International Journal of Technology. 2023 Jul 25;14(5):1039.

20. Wang TB, Guo F, Lyu W, Ning ZJ. Study On Human Fatigue During Monotonous Sitting-Posture Work. Chinese journal of industrial hygiene and occupational diseases. 2022;40:914–7.

21. Reddy S, Reddy V, Sharma S. StatPearls. 2023 [cited 2025 Jul 10]. Physiology, Circadian Rhythm. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519507/

22. Riyadi S. Faktor Penyebab Terjadinya Kelelahan Kerja Pada Pekerja PT. Dungo Reksa Di Minas. Jurnal Pengabdian Kesehatan Komunitas (Journal of Community Health Services) [Internet]. 2021 May 26;1(1):32–7. Available from: https://jurnal.htp.ac.id/index.php/jpkk

23. FDA. U.S Food And Drug Administration. 2024. Spilling the Beans: How Much Caffeine is Too Much?

24. Willson C. The clinical toxicology of caffeine: A review and case study. Toxicol Rep. 2018;5:1140–52.

25. O’callaghan F, Muurlink O, Reid N. Effects of caffeine on sleep quality and daytime functioning. Vol. 11, Risk Management and Healthcare Policy. Dove Medical Press Ltd; 2018. p. 263–71.

26. Gardiner C, Weakley J, Burke LM, Roach GD, Sargent C, Maniar N, et al. The effect of caffeine on subsequent sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2023 Jun;69:101764.

27. Manaroinsong JA, Kawatu P, Pingkan W, Kesehatan F, Universitas M, Ratulangi S, et al. Hubungan antara Stres Kerja dengan Kelelahan Kerja pada Pekerja di PT. Delta Pasific Indotuna Bitung. Vol. 11, Jurnal KESMAS. 2022.

28. Cahya Sawitri LL, Pramesona BA, Ratna MG, Saftarina F. Work Stress, Fatigue, Shift Work, Workload Intensity, and Patient Safety Incidents Among Nurses. JMMR (Jurnal Medicoeticolegal dan Manajemen Rumah Sakit). 2024 Apr 3;13(1):116–29.

29. Penambunan DMH, Mandagi CKF, Asrifuddin A. Hubungan Antara Kelelahan Kerja dan Stres Kerja Pada Sopir di Komunitas Sopir Truk Kawangkoan, Sonder, Tompaso (KST). Halaman [Internet]. 2025 Mar 31 [cited 2025 Jun 19];14(1). Available from: https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/v3/index.php/kesmas/article/view/61199

Downloads

Published

2025-07-31

Issue

Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025): VOLUME 9 - NUMBER 2 - July 2025

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Dinda Mariella La Basse, Chahya Kharin Herbawani, Agus Joko Susanto, Dyah Utari (Author)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Proposed Creative Commons Copyright Notices

1. Proposed Policy for Journals That Offer Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

    1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
    1. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
    1. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).




Proposed Policy for Journals That Offer Delayed Open Access


Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

    1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication, with the work [SPECIFY PERIOD OF TIME] after publication simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

 

    1. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

 

  1. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).